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Block 5 > Pourmotabbed #3-4 > Flashcards

Pourmotabbed #3-4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the only organ in the body with enzymes for both protein synthesis and degradation?

A

Liver

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2
Q

AA’s that are broken down to pyruvate or a TCA cycle intermediate are called….

A

Gluconeogenic

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3
Q

AA’s that b-down into AcCoA are called….

A

Ketogenic

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4
Q

In general, the 10 nonessential AA’s can be synthesized from….

A

Glucose

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5
Q

How is Tyrosine synthesized?

A

Hydroxylation of Phenylalanine

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6
Q

How is Cystine synthesized?

A

Methionine and Serine

Only the SULFUR of Cys is obtained from Met. The C and N parts come from SERINE.

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7
Q

What is the symbol for tetrahydrofolate?

A

BH4

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8
Q

Glycine is produced from Serine using what necessary enzymes?

A

BH4 and PLP

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9
Q

Cystine can form kidney stones due to insolubility, but what forms kidney stones that has to do with glycine?

A

When glyoxylate can’t be converted to oxalate, oxalate can accumulate and form a precipitate with Ca2+ and form kidney stones.

.

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10
Q

Cystathionase deficiency leads to …..

A

cystathionuria (benign disorder)

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11
Q

Vitamin B6 deficiency leads to…..

A
  • Transaminase deficiency (AA bdown)

- Cystathionuria

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12
Q

In the synthesis of Cysteine from Serine and Methionine, what enzyme is PLP dependent?

A

Cystathionase - converts cystathione into cysteine.

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13
Q

Deficiencies in any of the following:
-tetrahydrofolate
-Vit B6
Vit B12

leads to….?

A

Homocysteinemia

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14
Q

Cystathionine synthase deficiency is also called…

A

Homocysteinemia

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15
Q

How do you treat homocysteinemia?

A

Reduction of Homocysteine and Met from the blood.

Low Met diet

HIGH DOSE OF VIT B6

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16
Q

To make Tyr from Phe, what cofactor does the hydroxylase enzyme require?

A

BH4, tetrahydrofolate

17
Q

Deficiency of Phenylalanine Hydroxylase leads to what disease? (catalyzes Phe-> Tyr)

A

PKU - as Phe accumulates, Phenyl ketones are excreted

18
Q

Tyrosine is a precursor for what?

A

Melanin
Thyroid hormones
Neurotransmitters

19
Q

Describe some symptoms of PKU. (think about what tyrosine does.)

A 
Albinism or light tones (melanin)
Mental retardation (neurotransmitters)
20
Q

How do you try to treat PKU?

A

Diet rich in Tyr, Low in Phe

Semisynthetic Phe, special diets

21
Q

Is tryptophan metabolism depended on PLP?

A

Yes

22
Q

Trp deficiency presents itself with what kind of symptoms?

A

Pellagra-like. Niacin deficiency. 3 D’s. Diarrhea, etc…

23
Q

What AA’s are involved with Maple Syrup Urine disease?

A

BRANCHED: Isoleucine, Valine, and Leucine

24
Q

What enzyme is defective in Maple syrup Urine disease?

A

a-ketoacid dehydrogenase

25
Q

HIstidine is a precursor to ….

A

Histamine- allergic response, vasodilator

26
Q

True/False: HIstidine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

False. It is an EXCITATORY neurotransmitter

27
Q

WHat amino acid is creatine derived from?

A

Glycine!

28
Q

If there is elevated CK in the blood plasma and none in the urine, what is indicated?

A

kidney malfunction. Plasma creatine is usually low because it is filtered out by the kidneys

29
Q

Heme is synthesized from what AA?

A

Glycine

30
Q

Glutamate is the precursor for what inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

GABA

31
Q

Glutamate, itself, is the most common neurotransmitter in the CNS. Is it excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Excitatory

32
Q

Nitric Oxide (NO) is synthesized from what AA?

A

Arginine

33
Q

NO initiates what messenger pathway?

A

Gyanylyl cyclase -> cGMP

34
Q

TYROSINE is the precursor to 3 things. name them.

A

1- Melanin
2- Thyroid hormones (Thyroxine)
3- Catecholamines (NEUROTRANSMITTERS)

35
Q

Serotonin and Melatonin are synthesized from what AA?

A

Tryptophan.

36
Q

WHere is serotonin made and stored?

A

Made in GI tract, stored in platelets.

37
Q

Serotonin is acetylated in the pineal gland of the brain to become…..

A

Melatonin

Block 5 (10 decks)

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