POULTRY Flashcards
Breeding PIDGEON (Goals, use, breeds, methods)
Use of pigeons (breedinggoals and purpose)
- Comercial
- Comercial (Meat production)
- Food (SQUABS): Harvested from young birds. Pidgeons grow into a large size while in the nest before they are fledged and able to fly (called SQABS). At that stage = PRIZED as FOOD.
- Commercial meat production breeds where developed by selective breeding (king pidgeon etc)
Breeding PIDGEON (Goals, use, breeds, methods) Use of pigeons (breedinggoals and purpose)
- Hobby (sport, show)
1- Exhibition breeds (fancy breeds)
Compeete against each other at exhibition/shows.
2- Flying sports pigeons (tipplers)
Flown in endurance contests
- Trained domestic pidgeons are able to return home if released at a location upto 1000km
3- Homing Pidgeon (selective breeding);
- Carry messengers
- Racing pidgeons
- White release at funeral/weddings
Breeding PIDGEON (Goals, use, breeds, methods) Use of pigeons (breedinggoals and purpose)
- Comercial (Meat production)
- Hobby (sport, show)
- Importaint to human population during war (message carriers)
- Experimentation
Breeding PIDGEON (Goals, use, breeds, methods) Use of pigeons (breedinggoals and purpose)
Experimentation
Laboratory experiments in biology, medicine and cognitive science.
Breeding PIDGEON (Goals, use, breeds, methods) Methods
- Selection
- Mating system is typically monogamy, but forced pairing is possible. - Purebreeding
- With individual and phenotype selection dominates - Crossbreeding
2-,3- and 4-way; Meat production, hybrid program.
(Breeds to cross: Strasser, Mondain, King and Texan
Breed for 3-4 year
Breeding DUCKS (goals, use, species, breed methods, traits, Hybrids)
USE (Breeding goals)
- Meat (Broiler)
- Egg
- Liver
- Breeding eggs for hatcheries for eggs and feathers + ornamental purpose.
Breeding DUCKS (goals, use, species, breed methods, traits, Hybrids)
species
Common mallard
Muscovy ducks
Buff orphington duck (BUFF DUCK)
Pomeranian duck
Crested White Duck
Cayuga Duck
Breeding DUCKS (goals, use, species, breed methods, traits, Hybrids)
Traits
1- Egg production & Laying performance
2- Meat production
- Feed efficiency
- Slaughter, carcass
- Breast ratio
3- Liver production
4- Feather production
5- Viability, Resistance
Breeding DUCKS (goals, use, species, breed methods, traits, Hybrids)
Breeds and hybrids
Two basic duck types
- Landrace(heavier)
- Penguin (lighter, with upright body position)
Breeding DUCKS (goals, use, species, breed methods, traits, Hybrids)
Layer duck breeds
- Runner ducks:
Egg production: 180-200
Weight: 70-80kg - Khaki Campbell
Egg production 300
Weight: 65-70kg
Breeding DUCKS (goals, use, species, breed methods, traits, Hybrids)
Meat breed
- Pekin (most popular) 200 eggs/year
- Aylesbury Duck 100-200 eggs/year
- Rouen duck 100-150 eggs/year
Breeding DUCKS (goals, use, species, breed methods, traits, Hybrids)
Breeding/Mating systems
- Selection
- Purebreeding
- Crossbreeding (2-3 way crossbreeding for broiler, liver and layer ducks)
+ Artificial insemination
Mullard production-> Natural mating is impossible.
Breeding DUCKS (goals, use, species, breed methods, traits, Hybrids)
Hybrids
- Muscovy duck and Pekin interspecies hybrids are frequent in meat and liver production.
Sex ratio of mating: 1:5-6 in duck.
(Muscovies: 1:4-5)
Hybrid duck: Cherry Vally hybrid
ORIGIN and DOMESTICATION of Poultryspecies, microevolutionary consequences on meat and egg production on different poultry species in human nutrition
CHICKEN
6000 BC INDIA (meat+egg)
- Jungel Foul
Outnumbers humans, 2,5:1
17 billions
50% in Asia
ORIGIN and DOMESTICATION of Poultryspecies, microevolutionary consequences on meat and egg production on different poultry species in human nutrition
TURKEY
MEXICO 1000 BC (meat)
- Wild Turkey
EUROPE + Calaks? 43%
1/3 Latin America
ORIGIN and DOMESTICATION of Poultryspecies, microevolutionary consequences on meat and egg production on different poultry species in human nutrition
DUCK
CHINA 2000 BC (meat, egg, feather)
- Mullard Duck
COLUMBIA
- Mucovy Duck
70% of all domestic ducks, in china
ORIGIN and DOMESTICATION of Poultryspecies, microevolutionary consequences on meat and egg production on different poultry species in human nutrition
GOOSE
CHINA 4000 BC
- Greyleg swan goose
90% of all domestic ducks, in china
ORIGIN and DOMESTICATION of Poultryspecies, microevolutionary consequences on meat and egg production on different poultry species in human nutrition
PIDGEON
MEDITERANIAN, 5000BC
Rocky dowes
Meat, sport, pets
ORIGIN and DOMESTICATION of Poultryspecies, microevolutionary consequences on meat and egg production on different poultry species in human nutrition
OSTRICH
Nearly domesticated
Meat, Egg, Feather, skinn
ORIGIN and DOMESTICATION of Poultryspecies, microevolutionary consequences on meat and egg production on different poultry species in human nutrition
SWAN
Wild Swan
Europe
Faether, egg, landscape
Breeding HENS(Broiler?) (goals, use, species, breed methods, traits, Hybrids)
For Egg production
Hens (Laying Breed): 300/year
12mnth of age: laying ability decrease
Commercial laying hens slaughterd (baby food, Pet food)
Laying Breeds: White Leghorn and Hybrids
Breeding eggs are produced from incubation
Breeding HENS(Broiler?) (goals, use, species, breed methods, traits, Hybrids)
Meat Production
Lifespan from 5-11 years
Comercial farm, meat production meat chicken lives for apron 6 week (slaughtered)
Free range/organic: 14 weeks for slaughter
Meat fowl:
- Plymouth Rock
- New Hampshire
- White Cornish
Chicken (pets) + Ornamental (Zoo -Used to controll Insect population)
ORIGIN and DOMESTICATION of Poultryspecies, microevolutionary consequences on meat and egg production on different poultry species in human nutrition
Main consequences of domestication
Chickens
Chickens: Increase Body weight, size
Highly affected character are the Fertility, Prolificacy, and other reproductive features
ORIGIN and DOMESTICATION of Poultryspecies, microevolutionary consequences on meat and egg production on different poultry species in human nutrition
Turkey:
- Accumulation of plumage(turkey feather)
- Colour variation and Patterns and Features (Frizzle, Naked neck) + Limb alteration, Muscle attachment etc.
Muscle HYPERTROPHY!
Highly affected character are the Fertility, Prolificacy, and other reproductive features
ORIGIN and DOMESTICATION of Poultryspecies, microevolutionary consequences on meat and egg production on different poultry species in human nutrition
Duck/Goose: Fat deposition
Duck/Goose: Fat deposition
Highly affected character are the Fertility, Prolificacy, and other reproductive features
Breeding Turkey ( (Goals, use, breeds, methods)
Wild Turkey, Mexico 1000BC
Bred for their colour plumage first and raw meat quality
Broad Breasted Large White (Meat)
Broad Breasted Bronze (Less popular, as white feathering is more preferred)
Broad Breasted Large White
(Broad Breasted Brinze * White Holland)
At 20-21 degrees, the turkey gives the best feed conversion ratio. But put on more body weight and yield more brest meat at lower temperatures.
BROODING
= Application at heat to birds at early age of life
Newly hatched at 38 degrees
Placed in draft free surroundings at 37 degrees for the first day, reducing with 0,5 degrees/ day, until they are sufficiently well feathered –> Thrive no artificial heat.
Kept dry
Brooding area: Min 2 inches at litter
Good Litter: Clean, Dry, Dirtfree and Absorbent
LIGHT:
24 h/day first week
After=? 12-14 hours /day
Exessive light: Canibalism in young poultry and Pilling
VENTILATION is IMPORTAINT!
Breeding Goal (USE): Turkey meat production and breeding (Fattening, Broilers)
Use:
- Egg production for hatching
- Selection: Meat Quality, Hatchablility, Early Maturity
- Species features: Sexual maturity in first year, Cluch sized eggs.
- Egg weight: 65g
- Incubation time: 26-28 days
- Sexual dimorphism (typical), Increased by domestication, especially in males.
Males may exceed 20kg, 10kg in wild
Females half?
Breeding Goal (USE): Turkey meat production and breeding (Fattening, Broilers)
REPRODUCTION
- Puberty, laying and sexual maturity:
Female: 16 weeks
Males: 24-26 weeks - Start at laying: at 34 weeks
Egg-laying productions:
90-125 eggs/year, weight 75-85g - Duration at laying period: 20 weeks
- Broodiness (=Behavioural tendency to sit on the clutch to incubate them) STRONG INSTINCT
- INCUBATION time: 28 days
- Hatchability at egg breed is important.
Sex ratio 1:10
Breeding Goal (USE): Turkey meat production and breeding (Fattening, Broilers)
MEAT PRODUCTION and PERFORMANCE
Growth up to 24th week is excellent Feed efficiency, Conservation. Dressing percentage carcass/life * 100 Carcas ratio Feathering period females: 14-16 Feathering period males: 22-26 Pronounced sexual dimorphism
AFRAID of OTHER BIRDS
POULTRY - Disorders
Lethal at hatching disorders
- Cogenital Tremor
- Atraxia
- Leg deformations
- Abnormal beak formation
- Crocked neck (Torticollis)
- Kidney Hypoplasia
- Hakednes
POULTRY - Disorders
Adult disorders
- Cardio Myopathy
- Muscular dystrophy
- PSE- MEat (Turkey)
Aorta rupture in turkey.
POULTRY - Disorders
Health traits:
Metabolic diseases
(Muscular dystrophy, Hyperlipidaemia)
Embryonic losses (Mutations)
Wingless/ Stump/Limbless “LADY KILLER”. Z-linked mutation. lethal
