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ANIMAL BREEDING > HORSE > Flashcards

HORSE Flashcards

1
Q

Puberty

A

16-18 months
Full breeding maturity: >2 years
Normal/common: 3-5 years

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2
Q

Genetic features

A

Uniparous
Low reproduction feature (long pregnancy time)
Late puberty
Seasonal sexual activity

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3
Q

Sexual activity

A

Seasonal poly oestrus

–> Exept CARMAGUE horses(short season, monooestrus)

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4
Q

Breed season

A

February-August
Monooestrus (spring)
Fertillity increase march-tune

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5
Q

OVARIAN CYCLE

  • length
  • Ovulation
  • Twin ovulations
A
  • 20-21 days (biphasic)
  • Normally spontanious ; final phase of heat
  • Rarely
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6
Q

HEAT/OESTRUS

  • Duration of heat
  • Foal heat
  • Heat signs
  • Practical HEAT DETECTION
A
  • 3-5 days (7)
  • 9th day after foaling
  • Relaxed, hyperaemic external genitals, freq. urination
  • “Teasing”

To maximise the conception, the breeding should be done within 12 hours of ovulation.

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7
Q

Cycle and ovulation detection

A
  1. Behavioural
  2. Rectal and vaginal examination
  3. Hormonal levels
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8
Q

Mating methods

A
  1. Naturally

2. AI

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9
Q

Gestation

A

336 dags (326-350 days)

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10
Q

Preg detection

A
  1. Rectal and vaginal examination
  2. Hormonal examination
  3. Ultrasound
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11
Q

Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary consequences, related species, inter species hybrides

EVOLUTION of the horse

A

Well documented archeologically
Most important evolutionary forms of the hose is:
- Eo-, Meso-, Mio-, Merry-, Pliohippus and Equus.

Horse evolution covers a period of 60 million years

Most important changes during this period:

  • Body Size
  • Feed
  • Toe reduction

Omnivorus -> grasseating steppe(savannah) animals.

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12
Q

Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary consequences, related species, inter species hybrides

DOMESTICATION

A

5000-6000 years ago (Central asia)
TARPAN (extinct)
PREZEWALSKI horse (Taki)
4000 BC, SE-EUROPE

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13
Q

Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary consequences, related species, inter species hybrides

MICROEVOLUTIONARY consequences

A

Fusion of chromosomes: 2n number: Wild & Domestic =
66/64, Ass = 62

Mutation and selection: Higher diversity, >200 breeds

Size
Weight 
Colour
Decreased effective feed conversion, 
Accelerated ageing

SENSITIVE (less resistance)

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14
Q

Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary consequences, related species, inter species hybrides

SPECIES

A

Wild horses:
Tarpan (extinct)
Prezewalski horse (taki)

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15
Q

Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary consequences, related species, inter species hybrides

INTERSPECIES Hybrids

A 
MULE = (Male ass/jack * Mare) = Usally sterile
HINNY/JENNET = Female ass * Stallion = Usually sterile

MALE hybrids always sterile, females may be fertile

ZORSE = Female Zebra * Stallion
ZONKEY = Donkey + Zebra
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16
Q

SPANISH HORSES and spanish DESCENDENTS

A

Spanish and Neapolitan horses and derivates (all-round, saddle, harness horses)

ANDALUSIAN/PRE
ALTER-REAL
LUISITANO
LIPIZZANER

17
Q

SPANISH HORSES and spanish DESCENDENTS

ANDALUSIAN/PRE

A
  • Spanish riding school
  • 1 of 2 subspecies of Iberian horses
    (Luisitano is the other)
  • Exellent in dressage
    (Powerfull and elegant movements)
  • Lean, Compact, Powerfull
  • Convex profile, big eyes
  • 80% Grey, bay, black (“white” when 7years)
  • Mature late, saddled at 4years, mature at 7years
  • Compact body, strong hindquarters, big mane and tail.
18
Q

SPANISH HORSES and spanish DESCENDENTS

ALTER REAL

A

Portugals andalusian

19
Q

SPANISH HORSES and spanish DESCENDENTS

LUSITANS

A

Portugeese bullfighter

20
Q

SPANISH HORSES and spanish DESCENDENTS

LIPIZZANER

A
  • Accosiated with the spanish riding school (Vienna)
  • Baroque horse for military purpose
  • Can be traced back to six stallions
  • Compact, Powerfull hindquarters
  • Strong head, convex profile
  • Well muscled neck
  • Short cannons, Strong bones
  • Naturally well balanced
  • ## “Airs-above ground”
21
Q

SPANISH HORSES and spanish DESCENDENTS
LIPIZZANER
What are the names of the 6 stallions?

A
  1. Pluto
  2. Conversano
  3. Neapolitano
  4. Favory
  5. Siglavy
  6. Maestoso
22
Q

SPANISH HORSES and spanish DESCENDENTS
LIPIZZANER
What are the “Airs above ground”

A
  1. Levade
  2. Courbette
  3. Capriole
  4. Croupade
  5. Piaffe, Passage, Piruette etc
23
Q

Main reproductive features and traits of the horse (Breeding season, raising foal)

PUBERTY

A

16-18th months

24
Q

Main reproductive features and traits of the horse (Breeding season, raising foal)

Full Breeding maturity

A

Over 2 years, most common btw 3-5 years

25
Q

Main reproductive features and traits of the horse (Breeding season, raising foal)

Sexual activity

A

Seasonal polyoestrus (except CARMAGUE: Mono)

26
Q

Main reproductive features and traits of the horse (Breeding season, raising foal)

Breeding season

A

February-> August. Increased fertility btw march and june

Wildhorses: Monoestrus (Spring)

27
Q

Main reproductive features and traits of the horse (Breeding season, raising foal)

Frequent disorders

A

Anovulatory (Only follicular phase)

28
Q

Main reproductive features and traits of the horse (Breeding season, raising foal)

Breeding cycle

A

Biphasic

  1. Proestrus, (1-2) Incr. Estrogen
  2. Estrus (3-5) Estrogen 4-6 days. FOLLICULAR PHASE
  3. Metestrus (6-7) 2 days
  4. Diestrus (12-13) Increased production of progesteron produced by CL. 14-15 LUTEAL PHASE

Ovulation after day 5

29
Q

Main reproductive features and traits of the horse (Breeding season, raising foal)

PROESTRUS

A

1st stage of oestrus cycle (dependent at endometrium and ovarian follicles).

30
Q

Main reproductive features and traits of the horse (Breeding season, raising foal)

OESTRUS

A 
2nd stage(before metestrus), receptive to male and mating. HEAT
Follicular 3-5 (7days)
31
Q

Main reproductive features and traits of the horse (Breeding season, raising foal)

METESTRUS

A

3rd stage, before diestrus. (Sexual inactivity and formation of corpus luteum) 2 days

32
Q

Main reproductive features and traits of the horse (Breeding season, raising foal)

DIESTRUS

A

Last stage, before next cycle Proestrus.(Functional corpus luteum, increased progesteron) 12-13 days.
CORPUS LUTEAL

33
Q

Main reproductive features and traits of the horse (Breeding season, raising foal)

ANESTRUS

A

No estrus

34
Q

Main reproductive features and traits of the horse (Breeding season, raising foal)

FOAL heat

A

9th day after foaling.

35
Q

Main reproductive features and traits of the horse (Breeding season, raising foal)

HEAT SIGN

A

Increased blood flow to external genitalia
Increased urination
Holding tale, and moving to the side
Using a teaser (tolerate when ready)

36
Q

Main reproductive features and traits of the horse (Breeding season, raising foal)

Natural Live mating

A

Covering
2nd and 5th or
3rd and 6th day in HEAT

37
Q

Main reproductive features and traits of the horse (Breeding season, raising foal)

Cycle and ovulation diagnostics

A

Behaviour
Rectal examination
Hormone levels (LH, Progesterone)

38
Q

Main reproductive features and traits of the horse (Breeding season, raising foal)

Pregnancy

A

336 days (326-350 days) approx 10/11mnd

39
Q

Main reproductive features and traits of the horse (Breeding season, raising foal)

The process/cycle of ovulation

A
  1. FSH + Luteinizing hormone stimulates the Pituitary gland. Increased day light
  2. FSH–> Blood stream –> Ovaries
    Initiate development of a follicle, contain a OVUM
  3. Developed follicle produce estrogen -> Bloodstream
  4. Estrogen is responsible for the clinical sign of oestrus
  5. The LUTEINIZING hormone causes the follicle on ovary to rupture (=Ovulation)
  6. Rupture of follicle (Engored with blood) and luteinized –> Corpus Luteum (Produce progesterone)
  7. Release of progesterone inhibits the production of Luteinizing hormone (No oestrus sign)
  8. Function of progesterone is to maintain pregnancy
  9. No conception –> Prostaglandins into blood stream = CL regression

ANIMAL BREEDING (10 decks)

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