I. Horse, dog and cat breeding Flashcards
Topic 1
– Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary
consequences
- Taxonomy
- Interspecies hybridization
- Evolution
- Domestication
- Consequences of domestication
- Basic Terminology
Topic 1
– Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary
consequences
1. Taxonomy
KPCOFG: KingPopeComeOverFuckGirls
ACMPEE: AnyCuteMayPoopEqualExtra
- Kingdom: Animalia
- Phylum: Chordata
- Class: Mammalia
- Order: Perissodactyla
(non-ruminant, hooved animals) - Family: Equidae
- Genus: Equus
7. Species: • Wild horses – Equus ferus Boddaert • Prewalski horse/Taki – Equus ferus Prewalski • Tarpan – Equus ferus ferus • Domestic horse – Equus caballus Subgenus Asinus (African ass/donkey) Species • Equus asinus/africanus
Topic 1
– Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary
consequences
2. Interspecies hybridization
- Mule
– Male ass (jack) & mare. Usually STERILE - Hinny/jennet
– Female ass (jenny) & stallion. Less common. Also INFERTILE - Zebra mules
- (zorse, zonkey)
Topic 1
– Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary
consequences
3. Evolution
- Evolution is well documented.
- Most important evolutionary forms of horse:
- Eohippus
- Mesohippus
- Mio-, mery-, pliohipps
- Equus
- Most important changes: Size, toe reduction, diet (omnivores ! herbivores),
teeth
Topic 1
– Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary
consequences
4. Domestication
- Occurred ~5000-6000 years ago
1st – Central Asia, later in Persia, Egypt & Europe (3000-4000BC) - Based on mitochondrial examination,
- Tarpan/Tarpan subspecies is main ancestor.
- Wild horses: Przewalkski horse is only remaining wild spp
- Feral horses: Have domestic ancestors but were born & live in wild
- (‘dedomesticated’) ! Mustangs, Bramby
Topic 1
– Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary
consequences
- Consequences of domestication
1• Fusion of chromosomes o Wild horses – 66/64 o Asses – 62 o Domestic horses – 66/64 o Only assumed (has not yet been proved. Chromosome no. of Tarpan is unknown)
2• Mutations & selection
o 200+ breeds, breed groups & types
3• Size variation
o Height at withers (50-180cm) ! Horses & ponies
o Dwarfism – Falabella, Shetland pony
4• Build & conformation
o Draft horses, light horses etc.
o Breed characteristics (Roman nosed, dished face)
5• Weight variation
o 50-1200kg
6• Diet – Less effective feed conversion
7• Accelerated ageing
8• Reduced immune system & increased sensitivity to certain diseases
(e.g. decreased resistance to respiratory diseases)
9• Colour variations
10• Sexual activity
o Poorly expressed sexual dimorphism
o Reduced fertility in some breeds
o Monoestrus ! seasonally polyoestrus
Topic 1
– Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary
consequences
- Consequences of domestication
SHORT
1• Fusion of chromosomes 2• Mutations & selection 3• Size variation 4• Build & conformation 5• Weight variation 6• Diet 7• Accelerated ageing
8• Reduced immune system & increased sensitivity to certain diseases
9• Colour variations
10• Sexual activity
Topic 1
– Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary
consequences
6. Basic Terminology
- FOAL: Horse of either sex <1year old
- YEARLING:
Horse of either sex between 1 & 2 years old - COLT: Male horse <4years old
- FILLY: Female horse <4 years old
- MARE: : Femal horse >4 years old
- STALLION: Entire (non-castrated) male horse >4 years old
- GELDING: Castrated male of any age
- RIG: Stallion with an undescended testicle
Topic 2
–Breeding goals and use in horse breeding, most important performance traits
(race, sport, others)
- Use of horses throughout history
- History of horse breeding
- Breeding systems/methods
Topic 2
–Breeding goals and use in horse breeding, most important performance traits
(race, sport, others)
- Use of horses throughout history
1• Transportation
o Riding – “saddle horse”
o Driving – “harness horse”
2• Work – Farming, carts, ploughing, cavalry, police, ranching etc.
3• Food – Meat, milk
4• Companionship (pleasure riding, pleasure driving)
5• Therapeutic purposes
6• Sport – Hunting, racing, eventing
7• Medicine – Globulin & eCG (equine choriogonadotropin) production
8• Housing, instruments – Horse hair
Topic 2
–Breeding goals and use in horse breeding, most important performance traits
(race, sport, others)
- History of horse breeding
1• ARABIAN horse ! Earliest documentation of breeding of horses by Bedouin
people in Middle East
2• Akhal-Teke ! Bred for war & racing in West-Central Asia
3• NOMADS of Mongolian Steppes have bred horses for several thousand years
4• MEDEVIAL Europe ! Specific breeding of horses for war
5• North Africa & Middle East ! Muslim warriors bred lighter horses for
speed & agility
- Later, in Europe, Europeans incorporated genetic traits of oriental horses to
improve the speed of native breeds. - Renaissance period: “Haute ecole” riding
Popular with the nobility
- Development of breeds such as Lipizanner - Thoroughbred: “Ultimate racehorse”
Warmblood: Developed during the 17th & 18th centuries for use as carriage
horses
Easily adapted to modern use as competition horses
Topic 2
–Breeding goals and use in horse breeding, most important performance traits
(race, sport, others)
3. Breeding systems/methods
Selection of animals to be mated depends on intended use of animal
Must have a clear breeding goal
Knowledge of basic genetics:
1• Mendelian genetics – colour
2• Population/quantitative genetics
– polygenic traits, performance, speed,
strength, conformation
- Understanding of reproductive cycle & fertility
- PURE BREEDING
• Inbreeding: Inbreeding coefficient should NOT EXEED 0.1-0.3
• Line breeding: Repeated BACK CROSSING used for character fixation
- CROSSBREEDING
a• Blood refreshment:
Crossing of individuals of same breed but
different familial lines to increase vigour
b• Single crossing: One-time crossing
c• Grading up:
Regular crossings throughout more generations to improve breed/produce new breed
d• Synthetic breeds:
A planned gene pool of a horse breed
e• Terminal crossings: Utilises heterosis
- INTERSPECIES HYBRIDS
- Mules etc.
Topic 3
– Marking and identification of the horses, principal coat colours and inheritance, the behavioral vices
SHORT
- Monogenic (qualitative) characteristics of the horse – Coat colours
- DNA colour test
- Behavioural Vices
Topic 3
– Marking and identification of the horses, principal coat colours and inheritance, the behavioral vices
1. Coat colours
Monogenic (qualitative) characteristics of the horse – Coat colours
- Basic colours:
- Black, bay (brown), chestnut - Modified variants:
- Grey, roan
- Rules of Mendelian inheritance are valid for coat colour
- Roan ! Intermediate inheritance
- Coat colour may be a breed characteristic (Suffolk Punch, Cleveland Bay, Fresian
etc. ) - Some colour genes are molecular genetically UNDETECTABLE
(dun, chestnut, tobiano, overo spotted)
Topic 3
– Marking and identification of the horses, principal coat colours and inheritance, the behavioral vices
1. Coat colours
COAT COLOUR LOCUS
A – Agouti
• Distribution of black coloured hair
E – Melanin extension/non-extension
• Extension of RED pigments
(red, chestnut, sorrel !
ee = ability to produce BLACK pigment in SKIN, but appears RED in HAIRS)
G - Grey
• Exclusion of pigment from hair over time (born dark, lightens with age ! progressive greying)
R – Roan • Mixing of dark & light hairs • Black-, blue-, bay- & red roan • Appaloosa characteristics may be related to the roan gene D – Dilution/dominant • Dun horses
W – White
• Inability to form pigment
• WW homozygotes ! Embryonic lethal
C - Colour • S – Spotting (Appaloosa; blanket, marble, leopard, snowflake, spot) • P – Piebald/skewbald • O – Ovaro spotted • T – Tobiano
Topic 3
– Marking and identification of the horses, principal coat colours and inheritance, the behavioral vices
2. DNA colour test
Basic colour is determined by the
- white (W),
- grey (G),
- extension (E) &
- agouti (A) genes.
W, G ! Dominant
In absensce of W or G, the colours of: - bay, - black, - chestnut & - sorrel = are controlled by variations at the E & A locus.
Topic 3
– Marking and identification of the horses, principal coat colours and inheritance, the behavioral vices
3. Behavioural Vices
Crib biting
Weaving
Windsucking
Topic 4 – Main reproduction features and traits of the horse
(breeding season, AI, raising foals)
SHORT
Reproductive traits of horse (polygenic/quantitative characteristic)
- Puberty:
- General reproductive features
- Breeding season:
- Ovarian cycle of mare
- Cycle length:
- Ovulation:
- Corpus luteum (CL)
- Heat (oestrus)
- Practical heat detection - Frequent disorders:
- Covering
- Gestation
- Gestation period
- Fertilization:
- Implantation:
- Pregnancy diagnosis
- Pseudopregnancy: - Environmental effects/factors
- Photoperiod:
- Condition
- Hormones
9- Advanced reproductive techniques
• Embryo transfer
• Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
• Egg transfer
Topic 4 – Main reproduction features and traits of the horse
(breeding season, AI, raising foals)
Reproductive traits of horse (polygenic/quantitative characteristic)
- Puberty:
Occurs btw 16-18 months
Full sexual maturity reached by:
2+ years (ave btw 3-5 years)
Topic 4 – Main reproduction features and traits of the horse
(breeding season, AI, raising foals)
Reproductive traits of horse (polygenic/quantitative characteristic)
- General reproductive features
- Uniparous
- Low reproductive potential
- Late puberty
- Seasonal sexual activity
o Mares are seasonally polyoestrus, except Camargue horse
(v. short season, essentially monoestrus)
• Frequent miscarriages
• Low pregnancy rate
Topic 4 – Main reproduction features and traits of the horse
(breeding season, AI, raising foals)
Reproductive traits of horse (polygenic/quantitative characteristic)
- Breeding season:
Feb-August
Fertility highest in March-June
Topic 4 – Main reproduction features and traits of the horse
(breeding season, AI, raising foals)
Reproductive traits of horse (polygenic/quantitative characteristic)
- Ovarian cycle of mare
1• CYCLE LENGTH: 20-21 days
Biphasic with luteal phase
2• OVULATION: Normally spontaneous
Occurs during last phase of heat
(4th/5th day)
One (occasionally two) egg(s) per ovulation
o TWIN ovulations rarely occurs
▪ Consequences of twin ovulations ! resorption, abortion 30%
▪ Twin-pregnancy is rare & undesirable (pathological trait)
3• CORPUS LUTEUM (CL)
o Persistency may occur causing anoestrus & missing cycles
o Heat can be induced in mares with a mature CL
4• HEAT (oestrus) o Lasts 3-5 (7) days o Foal heat (9th day after foaling) ▪ May be used for mating ▪ Fertile in 50% of cases
o Heat signs ▪ Relaxed, hyperaemic external genitals ▪ Frequent urination ▪ Raising tail ▪ Mucous discharge ▪ Desire for company ▪ Presenting to teaser stallion ▪ Teasing of other mares
o Practical heat detection
▪ LIVE COVER ! Mare is ‘teased’ several times with a teaser stallion.
Mares in heat will generally tolerate teaser or present herself to him
▪ VETERINARY determination ! - Ultrasound - Palpation; - Measuring hormone levels (LH, progesterone)
Topic 4 – Main reproduction features and traits of the horse
(breeding season, AI, raising foals)
Reproductive traits of horse (polygenic/quantitative characteristic)
- Frequent disorders:
- Anovulatory cycle (only follicular phase)
- Persistency & atresia of follicles
- Prolonged cycles
• Short, “split” & silent heat
(common in early & late season, signs of
sterility)
Topic 4 – Main reproduction features and traits of the horse
(breeding season, AI, raising foals)
Reproductive traits of horse (polygenic/quantitative characteristic)
- Covering
• LIVE COVER
(required for all Thoroughbreds)
• AI
o Semen is collected using an artificial vagina (AV) & processed in a
laboratory before freezing/chilling & transporting
o Plastic catheter is used intrauterine deposition of semen
o Semen motility of 50% + is successful
o Conception rate is 60-80%
o Advantages of AI
1▪ No contact between mare & stallion
• No accidents
• Reduces spread of venereal disease
2▪ International breeding programs are possible
▪ Less stress to animals (no travel required)
▪ More mares can be mated to a valuable stallion
3▪ Allows linebreeding !
Semen can be stored long after death
of a valuable stallion
Topic 4 – Main reproduction features and traits of the horse
(breeding season, AI, raising foals)
Reproductive traits of horse (polygenic/quantitative characteristic)
- Gestation
- Gestation period:
336 (326-350) days
Maintained by accessory corpus luteum, eCG (PMSG) production (days 31-120) & placental oestrogens
(4th-5th months onwards)
- Fertilization:
Occurs in fallopian tube
Embryo migrates to uterus after 4-5 days (intrauterine migtation of embro between horns is common during early stage) - Implantation:
Around 40-50 days
Delayed innesting is common causing longer pregnancies at earlier seasonal mating - Pregnancy diagnosis
a• Non-return: No heat after mating/AI
b• Clinical signs
– Vaginal & rectal observations/palpations
o Thick, mucous cervico-vaginal discharge
o Asymmetric uterus, foetal fluid & foetus (felt on rectal exam)
c• Hormonal measurements
– eCG, progesterone, oestrogens
o Rapid progesterone & eCG test
o Placental oestrogens in late pregnancy
d• Ultrasound
o 14-45 days !
Spherical structure with embryo, vitelline veins, yolk sac & allantochorion
- Pseudopregnancy:
- Consequence of embryonic death after 35 days.
- Characterized by prolonged luteal phase & normal eCG production
- Heat is NOT inducible !
- No reaction of CL to drugs
Topic 4 – Main reproduction features and traits of the horse
(breeding season, AI, raising foals)
Reproductive traits of horse (polygenic/quantitative characteristic)
- Environmental effects/factors
- Photoperiod:
- Increased daylight (length of day) !
= Increased ovarian activity - Condition:
- Working,
- racing,
- sport - Hormones:
- hCG/GnRH ! –> Induction of ovulation
- PGF2α, gestagens
(Regu-mate, PRID) –> Oestrus induction
Topic 4 – Main reproduction features and traits of the horse
(breeding season, AI, raising foals)
Reproductive traits of horse (polygenic/quantitative characteristic)
- Advanced reproductive techniques
May be used if an owner does not want to take a valuable competition mare out of training to carry a foal
- Embryo transfer
- Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
- Egg transfer
Topic 5 – Most important genetic diseases of the horse
ABREVIATIONS
- Haemophilia
- LWO
- Melanomatosis
- HYPP
- SCID
- EPSM
- HERDA
- GBED
Topic 5 – Most important genetic diseases of the horse
1. Haemophilia
Haemophilia
• Lethal factors, gene mutations
• WW (white) & OO (ovaro white spotting)
Topic 5 – Most important genetic diseases of the horse
2. LWO
- TC!AG mutation in endothelin B receptor gene
- Linked with melanocyte migration regulator gene of neural crest
- Lack of colon ganglions
- AR inheritance
• Signs:
- Colic &
- flatulence of suckling foals
- Death of homozygotes
• Seen in: - Paint, - Pinto, - Quarter Horse, - English Thoroughbred, - Miniature horse breeds
• MOLECULAR diagnosis
Topic 5 – Most important genetic diseases of the horse
3. Melanomatosis
Melanomatosis of grey horses
• Disorder of melanocyte migration
• Signs: Relatively benign melanomas in grey horses of 15yrs + around: - eyes, - vagina, - anus & - on skin
- Occurs in most breeds of grey colour
- CLINICAL diagnosis
Topic 5 – Most important genetic diseases of the horse
- HYPP
HYPP (hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis)
• Mis-sense point mutation,
autosomal DOMINANT
• Signs:
- Na-channel funct is disturbed in skeletal M.
- Hyperkalaemia,
- Lameness,
- Muscle weakness,
- Paralysis,
- Muscle twitching
• Occurs mainly in:
- Quarterhorse,
- Paint &
- Appaloosa breeds
• MOLECULAR genetic diagnosis
(DNA test)
Topic 5 – Most important genetic diseases of the horse
- SCID
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
• Frameshift mutation,
- deletion in DNA-protein kinase genes,
- AR inheritance
• Signs:
- Poor T & B-lymphocyte function,
- Immunodeficiency,
- Death of young foals (1-8wks) due to 2° infection after COLOSTRAL protection ceases
• Occurs in:
- Arab horses (2-25% may be carriers)
• MOLECULAR genetic diagnosis
Topic 5 – Most important genetic diseases of the horse
- EPSM
Equine polysaccharide storage myopathy (EPSM/PSSM)
- Metabolic muscular condition ! “tying up”
- Also related to GLYCOGEN storage disorder
• Seen in:
Quarter Horses
Topic 5 – Most important genetic diseases of the horse
- HERDA
Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia (HERDA)
- Also known as hyperelastosis cutis (HC)
- Autosomal RECESSIVE
• Collagen defect !
- Layers of skin are not held firmly together
Topic 5 – Most important genetic diseases of the horse
- GBED
Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency (GBED)
• No glycogen storage ! - cardiac & skeletal M. cannot function ! => DEATH • Occurs in: foals homozygous for lethal GBED allele
• DNA blood test
Topic 6 – The role of training and racing in horse breeding. Judging of
conformation, the gaits
TRAINING
Training:
1. MAIN GOAL is to create a horse that is SAFE for humans to handle, performs a useful task for human benefit & is obedient
- Historically !:
- Training for warfare,
- farm work,
- sport,
- transport - Today !:
- Recreational/sporting activities;
- specialized jobs
movie stunt horses,
police work & crowd control,
equine-assisted psychotherapy
- Controversy exists over training methods. Some TECHNIQUES are considered cruel, others are believed to be gentler & more humane.
- SAFETY is considered to be the most important aspect when training horses, due to their size & strength. Horse must be taught to behave in a way that will not harm/
injure the handler. - Horses are SOCIAL HERD ANIMALS ! Can learn to follow & respect a human leader
- PREY ANIMALS ! ‘Fight or flight’ response. Horses must be taught to rely on humans to determine when fear/flight is an appropriate response to new stimuli & not to act on instinct (animal must learn to trust human)
- Handling from an EARLY AGE is advisable ! Young horses are more adaptable & responsive to learning
Topic 6 – The role of training and racing in horse breeding. Judging of
conformation, the gaits
STAGES OF TRAINING
Most horses go through a predictable series of steps before becoming a ‘finished’ animal
- Training of foals/young horses – Getting animal used to human contact &
handling - Ground training – May involve getting animal used to vocal signals; strengthening muscles in preparation for backing
- Backing/breaking in (saddle or harness)
- Training for specific discipline
Topic 6 – The role of training and racing in horse breeding. Judging of
conformation, the gaits
GAITS
The horse has four natural gaits –
- walk,
- trot,
- canter,
- gallop.
- Walk: 4 beat gait
~6.4km/hr
LH, LF, RH, RF - Trot: 2 beat gait
~13km/hr
Diagonal pairs move synchronously & in unison
- Variations of trot:
a. Piaff (trotting ‘on the spot’)
b. Passage
(exaggerated trot with slow
motion)
- Canter: Controlled, 3 beat gait
~16-27km/hr (depending on length of stride)
- Variation:
a. Lope. Slow canter seen in Western riding.
- Gallop: 4 beat gait
LH, RH, LF, RF followed by a period of suspension - Other gaits
a. Jump: Can be learned or taught
b. Pace: Lateral two beat gait
(2 legs on same side move simultaneously)
Inherited recessively
Faster than trot
Topic 6 – The role of training and racing in horse breeding. Judging of
conformation, the gaits
GAITED HORSES
Gaited horses:
- Possess ambling/specialized gaits
- All specialized gaits are faster than a walk but usually slower than a canter
- May be inheritable/able to be taught with minimal training
1• Missouri FOXTROTTER
o FOX TROT ! 4 beat diagonal gait
2• Peruvian PASO/Paso Fino
o PASO ! smooth, intermediate ambling gaits
3• Five-Gaited American SADDLE BRED
o RACK/racking ! Fast, ground-covering 4 beat
gait. Horse ‘snaps’ hocks & knees up quickly
4• TENESSE WALKING Horse
o RUNNING WALK ! 4 beat lateral gait
5• ICELANDIC horse
o TØLT/”FLYING PACE”
Topic 7 – Horse races (race horses), horse sports, riding, coach driving (sport
horses)
TYPES OF HORSERACING
Types of horse racing:
1• UNDER SADDLE
o Federation Equestre International (FEI)
– Governs international racing
a▪ THOROUGHBRED horse racing
(most popular world wide)
• Flat racing
• Steeplechasing
b▪ American QUARTER HORSE racing • Races over ~¼ mile - Arabian, - Akhal-Teke, - Appaloosa, - American Paint Horses & other light breeds
c▪ Endurance riding
• Arabian horse dominates at top levels
• Racing over 20-100 miles
d▪ Ride & tie
• 2 people alternately ride one horse & run
• Popular in North America
- IN HARNESS
a o Harness racing (driving)
▪ Trotting – Trotters race with a sulky
▪ Horses generally trot or pace
Topic 7 – Horse races (race horses), horse sports, riding, coach driving (sport
horses)
RIDING SPORTS/COMPETITION
Recognized worldwide (FEI)& form part of the equestrian events at the Olympics
1• Show jumping
2• Dressage
- ‘Haute ecole’ – Advanced component of classical dressage
3• Cross country
4• Eventing
- Combined training, horse trials, three day eventing etc.
- Combined competition involving:
show jumping, dressage & cross country
5• Other events !
- Combined driving,
- reining,
- equestrian vaulting,
- endurance riding,
- Paralympics
Topic 7 – Horse races (race horses), horse sports, riding, coach driving (sport
horses)
HORSESHOWS
• Held throughout the world with a variety of events, equipment, attire & judging standards
- Equitation (‘Seat & hands’, horsemanship)
▪ Rider is judged on form, style & ability/handling
2. Pleasure, flat, under saddle ▪ Horses are ridden on the flat & judged on: - manners, - performance, - movement, - style & quality
- Halter, in-hand, conformation
▪ Horse is judged by:
- conformation and/or breeding ability - Jump classes
▪ Show jumping, show hunter
Topic 7 – Horse races (race horses), horse sports, riding, coach driving (sport
horses)
HARNESS SPORTS
1• COMBINED competitive driving:
- Arena-based ‘dressage’ class ! => Control & precision
- Cross-country ‘marathon’ => ! emphasizes fitness & endurance
- ‘Stadium’/’cones’ ! => Obstacle course
2• DRAFT HORSE showing – Most draft breeds are shown either in hand or harness
3• PLEASSURE driving – Using a light cart at walk & trot. Emphasis on manners
4• Fine harness/’FORMAL’ driving – 4 wheeled cart. Horse judged on a flashy action & dramatic performance
5• ROADSTER – Similar to racing (with a sulky), but focus is placed on manners & performance rather than time/speed
6• CARRIAGE driving – Judged on turnout
Topic 7 – Horse races (race horses), horse sports, riding, coach driving (sport
horses)
ENGLISH RIDING SPORTS
1• Classical Olympic events (dressage, SJ, XC)
2• Hunter classes
o May be shown on flat or over jumps
3• Saddleseat
o American discipline
o Showing of high-stepping & gaited breeds such as Saddlebred, Tennessee Walker etc.
a▪ PARK division – Horses with highest (most exaggerated) action
b▪ PLEASSURE division – Manners rank over animation
c▪ Plantation/COUNTRY division
– Least animation, greatest emphasis on manners
Topic 7 – Horse races (race horses), horse sports, riding, coach driving (sport
horses)
WESTERN RIDING
• Rodeo
1. TIME EVENTS
▪ Barrel racing
▪ Pole bending
▪ Steer wrestling/’bulldogging’ ! Rider jumps of horse onto a steer & wrestles it to the ground by its horns
▪ Goat tying ! Teaches younger riders the basics of calf roping
2. ROPING – Tasks are based on real-life requirements of working cowboys ▪ Calf roping/tie-down roping ▪ Team roping (‘heading & heeling’) • Men & women may compete together • Two people work as a team to capture & restrain a steer ▪ Breakaway roping
- ‘ROUGH STOCK’ competition
▪ Bronc riding
Topic 7 – Horse races (race horses), horse sports, riding, coach driving (sport
horses)
OTHER EQUESTRIAN ACTIVITIES
- Arena sports (polo, Pato)
- Gymkhana/mouted games
- Vaulting
- Horseball
- Jousting
• Le trec
– 3 phases (trail riding, jumping, basic flatwork).
– Test’s horse-rider partnership!
- Competitive trail riding
- Competitive mounted engineering
- Fox hunting
- Hacking/pleasure riding
Topic 7 – Horse races (race horses), horse sports, riding, coach driving (sport
horses)
SUMMARY
- TYPES OF HORSERACING
- RIDING SPORTS/COMPETITION
- HORSESHOWS
- HARNESS SPORTS
- ENGLISH RIDING SPORTS
- WESTERN RIDING
- OTHER EQUESTRIAN ACTIVITIES
Topic 8 –Technology of race- and sport horse breeding. Genetic improvement
of race and sport horses
RACEHORSES
Racehorses – Thoroughbreds
- Flat racing:
Usually retire earlier. Good stallions ! More value as stud animals. - Jump racing: Fit horses may continue racing up to 12 years
1• Primary trait is SPEED at GALLOP
(basic thoroughbred selection),
- although has LOW heritability (h2=0.2-0.3) !
- No great correlation with sire performance &
offspring performance
o PROBLEM in that TBs often bred more for NAME/pedigree rather than ACTUAL ABILITY
- Time,
- cumulated prize,
- amount of money,
- handicap number etc are also considered as racehorse traits.
2• Secondary traits: - Stamina, - persistence in performance, - early maturity. • SEX is also important (colts)
TB BREEDING SEASON in northern hemisphere runs from FEBRUARY-JUNE/July
(TBs born in northern hemisphere are considered 1 year older on 1st Jan, in southern hemisphere they
are considered 1 year older on 1st Aug) !
- AIM is to ensure foals are born in the earliest
months of year to ensure as much time to mature before racing.
MUST USE LIVE COVER!
• AI would lead to further narrowing of gene pool
(one stallion could cover thousands of mares)
- Dramatic fall in covering fees (bad for stud farms)
- More difficult record keeping/pedigree documentation
Breeding stallion – May cover 4 mares per day
(7am, midday, 4pm, 8pm & midnight if absolutely necessary).
Must allow some flexibility for when mares are ovulating.
Mares
– Checked for inoculations (venereal diseases etc),
- tail bandaged,
- washed down,
- covered with leather cape
(to prevent being bitten by stallion) & back hooves booted (a kick in the knackers could put stallion out of action for ~10days)
Topic 8 –Technology of race- and sport horse breeding. Genetic improvement
of race and sport horses
TRAITS OF HARNESS RACING
• Trotting
- Ability (speed & trotting skill) in sulky or under saddle
- Cumulated prizes (h2=0.2-0.3)
- Average ~1 min 20 for 1000m
• Pacing
o Quicker than trot.
- Mainly American Pacer horses.
Topic 8 –Technology of race- and sport horse breeding. Genetic improvement
of race and sport horses
TRAITS OF SPORT HORSES
Traits of sport horses
(TBx are common, although depends on level & type of
competition)
- Bred for PERFORMANCE/ability, NOT necessarily APPERANCE/pedigree
- DRESSAGE:
- Movement,
- aesthetics,
- elegance,
- correctness of gaits,
- good learning capacity.
• SHOW JUMPERS:
- Precision riding with obstacles,
- jumping ability
• 3 day EVENT:
- Good combination of all skills from all disciplines (wellrounded ability)
• ENDURANCE:
- Stamina,
- ability over range of terrains.
• HUNTING:
- Ability to comprehend unpredictable routes,
- speed,
- agility,
- stamina,
- courage
• WESTERN:
- Starting,
- Stopping,
- Turning ability (agility)
GENERAL traits to look for !
- Conformation,
- temperament,
- ability (dep. on discipline),
- movement
Topic 9 – Arabian origin horse breeds and other Arabian blooded descendents
SHORT
General characteristics of hot/warmblooded horses Purebred Arabs Shagya Arab Barb Anglo-Arab Akhal-Teke Tersk Don/Russian Don Kabardin Karabair Karabakh Gidran
Topic 9 – Arabian origin horse breeds and other Arabian blooded descendents
General characteristics of hot/warmblooded horses
• Narrow back with defined withers
• Fine skeleton o Cannon girth 18-22cm o Long legs o Small, fine, hard hooves o Height >150cm
- Long hindquarters (speed)
- 400-500kg
• Head
o Fine, concave, convex or straight profile
o Fine, thin ears with no feathering
- Large ground coverage
- Lively temper, quick & steady action
- ‘Poor doers’ ! Struggle to maintain weight; high feed demand
- Long lifespan (>15yrs)
Oriental horses: - Arabian & Arab-influenced breeds ! - Hotblooded horses - Famous ancient Arab stallions: KUHAYLAN, SAKLAVY, Muniki
Topic 9 – Arabian origin horse breeds and other Arabian blooded descendents
PURE BRED ARABS
• Reputation for intelligence, spirit & stamina
• Conformation: o Distinctive HEAD shape ▪ Concave/dished profile ▪ Broad forehead ▪ Large EYES ▪ Large NOSTRILS ▪ Small MUZZLE o High TAIL carriage o Arched NECK with well-set windpipe o Refined, clean throatlatch o Long, level croup o Deep, well angled HIP & laid-back SHOULDER
o Compact body (SHORT BACK) ! Capable of carrying heavy riders
o Dense, strong bone with sound feet & good HOOF walls
• One of OLDEST horse breeds
(archaeological evidence shows similar horses dating back 4500 years)
• Arabian horses have been used to improve other breeds !
- Speed,
- endurance & good bone.
- Almost ALL modern riding breeds contain some Arabian bloodlines.
• Close relationship btw. horses & ancient BEDOUIN people led to the development of a good natured, easily trainable & WILLING animal
Topic 9 – Arabian origin horse breeds and other Arabian blooded descendents
SHAGYA ARAB
ANGLO-ARAB
GIDRAN
1. Shagya Arab • From Hungarian Stud Babolna • Similar to purebred Arabs but: - taller, - less-refined, - bigger boned & with more pronounced WITHERS
- Anglo-Arab
• TB x Arabian
o Min 12.5% Arab blood - Gidran
• Chestnut-coloured, Hungarian ‘Anglo-Arab’
Topic 9 – Arabian origin horse breeds and other Arabian blooded descendents
BARB
• Moroccan horse
o ANCESTOR of SPANISH horses !
- Major role in development of Andalusian & Lusitano
• Imported to England ~16th century !
- Development of English Thoroughbred
- Influence of Barb is also apparent in many US breeds (Quarter Horse, Mustang, Appaloosa)
- Light riding horse with good stamina
• CONFORMATION: o Powerful front end o High WITHERS o Short back o Sloping, narrow croup o Low TAIL carriage o Hardy, with clean legs & small, round, sound hooves o Good SPRINTER (influence in racing horses)
Topic 9 – Arabian origin horse breeds and other Arabian blooded descendents
AKHAL-TEKE
• DESERT-type sport horse from Turkmenistan
• Metallic ‘bloom’ of COAT !
- Palominos, buckskins
• Conformation: o Fine HEAD with straight/slightly CONVEX profile o Long ears o Almond shaped eyes o Sparse mane & tail o LONG, lightly muscled BACK o Flat croup o Long, upright neck o Sloping shoulders o Fine skin o Tough but fine limbs • Slim body & ribcage
• Influenced many breeds !
- TB,
- Trakehner,
- Russian breeds
Topic 9 – Arabian origin horse breeds and other Arabian blooded descendents
TERSK DON/RUSSIAN DON KABARDIN KARABAIR KARABAKH
- Tersk
• Originates from northern CAUCASUS mountains in RUSSIA
• Arab x Orlov Trotter x Anglo-Arabs
(& small amounts of TB blood) !
Arabian look but LARGER than purebreds
- Don/Russian Don
• COSSACK horse utilized initially as CAVALRY horse - Kabardin
• CAUCASUS mountain horse noted for endurance & ease to adapt to new surroundings - Karabair
• Ancient breed from UZBEKISTAN area
Karabakh
• Moutain-steppe racing & riding horse
• Noted for good TEMPERS & SPEED
• Hardy, strong, tough & sure-footed
Topic 10 – The English Thoroughbred, the trotters and Thoroughbred
blooded sport horses
THE ENGLISH RHOROUGHBRED
1. Founders of the modern thoroughbred • Godolphin Arabian (Barb) • Darley Arabian • Byerly Turk • Corwen Bay Barb
- Thoroughbreds are USED mainly for racing, but also for other disciplines (SJ, dressage, polo, hunting etc.)
- Frequently used in crosses (ID x etc)
3. Prone to health complications ! = Bleeding from lungs, = low fertility, = flatfootedness = Small hoof:body mass ratio (incr. risk of lameness), = Abnormally small hearts
- Colours:
- Bay,
- black,
- chestnut,
- grey - Conformation:
- Well-chiseled head,
- long neck,
- high withers,
- deep chest,
- lean body,
- long legs,
- good depth of hindquarters
Topic 10 – The English Thoroughbred, the trotters and Thoroughbred
blooded sport horses
TB-type breeds/TB-influenced breeds
TB-type breeds/TB-influenced breeds
• Trakehner
o Arab x TB
• Holstein
• Hanoverian o Influenced by: - TB, - Trakhener & - Holstein
o Good competition horses: • Oldenburg • Wurttemberd • Wielkpolska • Selle Francais (French Saddle Horse) • Dutch warmblood • Anglo-Arab • American Saddlebred • Budenny
Hungarian horse breeds (Halfbred – Improved by TB) • GIDRAN • Furioso-North Star • NONIUSZ • KISBER Halfbred
Topic 10 – The English Thoroughbred, the trotters and Thoroughbred
blooded sport horses
Trotters & Pacers
Trotters & Pacers • Orlov trotter • Russian trotter • American standardbred • French trotter • Hungarian trotter • Hackney • Morgan • Cleveland bay
Topic 11 – Spanish horses and Spanish blooded descendents
In GENERAL
Spanish & Neopolitan horses !
- All-round saddle & harness warmbloods
Andalusian Alter-real Lusitano Lipizzaner Friesian Knabstrup
Topic 11 – Spanish horses and Spanish blooded descendents
American descendants of Spanish horses
American descendants of Spanish horses
- Mustang – Wild, feral derivatives
- Appaloosa
- Quarter horse
- American Paint/Pinto
- Criollo
- Peruvian Paso
- Paso Fino
Topic 11 – Spanish horses and Spanish blooded descendents
ANDALUSIAN
Andalusian
• Spanish Riding School – Also known as
‘Purebred Spanish Horse’
• Athletic, noble
• One of oldest horse breeds
o One of two sub-breeds of the IBERIAN horse
(the other being Lusitano)
• Excelent in dressage !
Move with a high, elegant action
• Strongly-built, compact horses
o Lean, medium length head with CONVEX profile & large eyes
o Long, broad & sometimes cresty NECK
o Long sloping SHOULDER
o Clean legs with good bone & short, strong cannons
o Thick, long, flowing MANE & TAIL
- Reputation for proud but cooperative temperament
- Highly INTELLIGENT
• 80% are GREY
(only other recognized colours are bay, black & chestnut)
Topic 11 – Spanish horses and Spanish blooded descendents
ALTER-REAL
LUSITANO
KNAPSTRUP
- Alter-real
• PORTUGAL´s ANDALUSIAN - Lusitano
• PORTUGESE bullfighter influenced by BARB horses
• Can be any solid COLOUR - Knapstrup
• Leopard spotted
• Originates from DENMARK
Topic 11 – Spanish horses and Spanish blooded descendents
LIPIZZANER
- Associated with SPANISH RIDING SCHOOL of VIENNA
- Founded in 16th century by Habsburg nobility, initially a BAROQUE horse for MILLITARY purposes
- Can be traced back to 6 stallions:
- Pluto,
- Conversano,
- Neopolitano,
- Favory,
- Siglavy,
- Maestoso,
- Tulipan,
- Incitato
• Compact & muscular with very powerful HINDQUARTERS
(enables them to perform difficult classic Dressage movements)
• Strong featured head with a CONVEX profile, set on a well-muscled arched neck
• Short cannons, good bone • Well sloped shoulders • Powerful & elastic GAITS • Natural balance • Easily trained & INTELLIGENT • SLOW to MATURE (broken late) but LONG-LIVED • Most horses are GREY • “Airs above ground” – difficult dressage moves 1o Levade 2o Courbette 3o Capriole 4o Croupade
o Piaff, passage, pirouette, flying change etc.
Topic 11 – Spanish horses and Spanish blooded descendents
FRIESIAN
Fresian
• Powerfully muscled horse with elegant action
• Many ‘COLDBLODDED’ features !
- Teathering, thick mane & tail
- BLACK colour
- Powerful, high-stepping, eye catching horse
- Good all-rounders
Topic 12 – Cold blooded (heavy draught) horses, ponies and small horses
General features of cold-blooded horses
- LARGE, STRONG, HEAVY (up to 1000kg)
- Hard, ‘rough’ skeleton
o Cannon girth 23-28cm
o Short legs
o Upright shoulders
o Hard, strong hooves
o HEIGTH >150cm o Wide, Short HINDQUARTERS o Broad back o Low WITHERS • Heavily muscled • Thick coat, mane & tail with feathering on lower limbs • Short action • Quiet temperament • Good-doers • Relatively SHORT LIFESPAN (<15yrs)
Cold-blooded (heavy draught horses) ! Origin Usually of: British, French or German
Topic 12 – Cold blooded (heavy draught) horses, ponies and small horses
Breeds
- Suffolk Punch
- Shire
- Clydesdale
• Similar to Shire
4• French draught horses - Percheron, - Comtois, - Boulonnais, - Breton, Ardennais
- Brabant
• Belgian cold blood
• Normally ‘sorrel’ coloured - • German cold-blooded horses
- Schelswig,
- Rhein-Westphalen,
- Schwarzwald - Ponies (& Small Horses)
Topic 12 – Cold blooded (heavy draught) horses, ponies and small horses
Cold blooded (heavy draught) horses
- SUFFOLK PUNCH
• Old breed
• Chestnut - SHIRE
• >1000kg
• Powerful & muscular horse with strong loins, powerful hindquarters & dense bones
• TALLEST & HEAVIEST of all draft breeds
• Historically used as FARMING animals & CAVALRY horses - CLYDESDALE
• Similar to Shire - • FRENCH DRAUGHT horses
- PERCHERON,
- Comtois,
- Boulonnais,
- BRETON,
- ARDENAIS
- Brabant
5• BELGIAN cold blood
• Normally ‘SORELL’ coloured
- • GERMAN cold-blooded horses
- Schelswig,
- RHEIN-WESTPHALEN
- Schwarzwald
Topic 12 – Cold blooded (heavy draught) horses, ponies and small horses
Ponies (& Small Horses)
- Native pony breeds are generally cold-blooded
- A pony is any horse under 14hh
- Generally have thick coats, manes & tails with feathering on lower limbs
- High endurance
- Good-doers
- Mild temper
- Long lifespan
Topic 12 – Cold blooded (heavy draught) horses, ponies and small horses
PONY/SMALL HORSE BREEDS
1o SHETLAND
2o WELCH PONY (ARAB & BARB influence) ▪ Welsh mountain (sec A) ▪ Welsh pony (sec B) ▪ Cob-type (sec C) ▪ Welsh cob (sec D)
3o EXMOOR
4o DARTMOOR
5o CONNEMARA
6o FELL and DALES PONY
7o NEW FOREST
8o ICELANDIC horse !
- Gaited horse (Tolt)
9o CAMARGUE
10o NORWEGIAN FJORD
▪ Dun-coloured (HOMOZYGOUS)
11o HAFLINGER
▪ Always CHESTNUT!
12o KONIK
▪ TARPAN derivative of POLAN
13o CURLY horse/Bashkir curlies
▪ Come in all shapes & sizes but carry gene for curly coat of
hair
▪ Acclaimed to be only HYPOALLERGENIC horse breed
14o MINATURE horses
▪ FALABELLA
Topic 13 – Dog and cat domestication, micro-evolutionary consequences,
relatives and interspecies hybrids
Dog
• Wolf: Domesticated 12,000BC (or earlier).
1st animal domesticated.
• Long evolutionary process ! Extinct types/breeds, new breeds yet to be distinguished
• Many consequences of domestication !
Nr of breeds, inbreeding, changes in temperament (i.e. considering humans as ‘pack leader’), appearance etc.
• Huge no of dog breeds ! Selective breeding & natural adaptation to various habitats
• Extreme DIVERSITY between breeds
1o Size & body mass (1-100kg)
▪ Toy, small, medium, large breeds
2o Coat colours & quality
▪ Short-, long-, wire- haired, smooth/curled coat etc.
3o Appearance & conformation
▪ Head shape ! Long, brachycephalic, round-headed, squareheaded etc.
▪ Ear shape & length ! Erect, lopped, cropped (illegal)
▪ Tail length & shape (e.g. curled in pugs)
4o Temperament, senses, instinct
5o Relationship with humans (companionship, some breeds are better suited to certain lifestyles)
Topic 13 – Dog and cat domestication, micro-evolutionary consequences,
relatives and interspecies hybrids
Cat
- Domesticated in ancient Egypt 3-5,000BC
- Considered as sacred animals & worshipped
- By middle ages, cats were considered as a symbol of the DEVIL but regained appeal after bubonic plague (killing rats)
- Most breed development occurred during the 19th-20th century. Beginning of cat shows, exhibitions, breeding organization etc
• Biodiversity of cats due to domestication is small
o Only real variation in hair quality/length & colour
o Conformation & appearance is relatively similary between all breeds
▪ Largest cat = Maine Coon
▪ Head shape, eyes, ears & tail (e.g. Manx, bob-tails) show some variation
• Common BEHAVIOUR traits ! Territorial, scent marking, napping/sleeping, hunting etc.
Topic 14 – Basics of canine breeding (goals, use, conformation and judging,
breeding methods)
Breed standards:
Idealised & general description of breed characteristics
Specifies height & weight of dog, body proportions,
colouration, conformation etc.
Also lists typical faults & defects
Changes with time
Registration: Lists accurate pedigree, breeding data of offspring & ancestry (4 parental generations)
Individual identification
(congenital markings, microchips, tattoos etc)
Stud books
Kennel: Where purebred dogs are kept & bred
Kennel Club/Breeding Associations: Lists breed standards
Judging rules etc:
- Breeding goal
• Varies with breed/type/purpose ! Working dogs, companion animals, show dogs etc. - Breeding traits
• Vary depending on breeding goal
o Aesthetics (appearance, conformation), intelligence, performance
(racing dogs), fertility, litter size, temperament - Breeding value & estimation
• Uncommon in dogs
Topic 14 – Basics of canine breeding (goals, use, conformation and judging,
breeding methods)
Breeding methods
Purebreeding
• Inbreeding
o Breeding of related individuals within 4 generations
o Increases homozygosis
o Decreases heterozygosis
o Character fixation
o May predispose animals to certain defects/medical conditions
o Can be measured by inbreeding coefficient (F)
▪ Grandparents, half-siblings =12.5%
▪ Parents & children, full sibs = 25%
o Inbreeding depression may occur
▪ Decreased fertility & repro problems
▪ Decreased fitness, viability & resistance
▪ Genetic anomalies & diseases
▪ Inbreeding is often used as test-mating to reveal genetic
abnormalities
1• Line breeding
o Breeding of related dogs (usually repeated back crossings of sires on
their offspring)
o Preservation & fixation of desired characteristics
o Prerequisites:
▪ Healthy males as line founders
▪ Healthy sires free of genetic defects
o Results in father-offspring resemblance
2• Outcrossing
o Necessary for genetic refreshment
o Individuals of same breed are crossed without inbreeding to introduce new genetic material
Like to like mating
• Breeding pair is of similar phenotypes but different geneotypes
• No increase in homozygosity ! poor fixation & heterozygosis
• Possible improvement in quantitative traits
Unlike to unlike mating
• Different geno & phenotypes
• Increased genetic instability
Important rules of dog breeding
• Phenotype resemblance ! prefer like to like mating
• Phenotype differences ! unlike to unlike mating
• Try to avoid common faults/defects
o Min parental generation must be free of defects
- Fertile sire needed
- Prepotency (ability to pass traits onto offspring) is desired
Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups
> 500 dog breeds
Classification of dogs
1• Based on type & CONFORMATION
o Wolf, molosser & greyhound types
2• SIZE (height @ withers) o Large >62cm o Medium 42-62cm o Small 25-41cm o Dwarf/minature <25cm
3• COAT characteristics
o Smooth, rough, curly, wierehaird, long haired etc.
4• ABNORMALITIES/breed character
o Tail-torsion: Bulldog, pug, bobtail
o Chondrodysplasia: Basset hound, Dachshund, Welsh Corgi
o Alopecia: Mexican hairless, Chinese Crested Dog
o Brachycephaly: Pug, Mastiff, Boxer, Bulldog
o Dwarfism: Chihauha, Yorkshire Terrier
o Polydactyly: Briard dogs
5• USE
o PRIMITIVE breeds/spitz breeds o COMPANION dogs & toys o HUNTING dogs ▪ General ▪ Gun dogs ▪ Scenthounds ▪ Windhounds (racing, coursing hounds) ▪ Dachshunds ▪ Terriers o Livestock HERDING dogs (Drover’s dogs) o Livestock GUARDING dogs o Mastiffs & WORKING BULL BREEDS o FIGHTINGdogs
FCI – Federation Cynologique internationale
• Breeds standards organization
• Groups dogs into 10 categories based on country of origin, breed formation,
characteristics etc.
Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups
Breed Group 1
Group 1 – Pastoral; Sheepdogs & Cattle dogs
• Australian shepherd dog (USA) • Beauceron (France) • Belgian shepherd dogs o Laekenois o Malinois o Tervueren • Bergamasco (Italy) • Briard (France) • Bouvier de Flanders (Belgium) • Bearded collie (GB) • Rough collie (GB) • Border collie (GB) • German shepherd • Komondor (Hungary) • Kuvasz (Hungary) • Maremma sheepdog (Italy) • Old English sheepdog (GB) • Polish Lowland sheepdog • Puli (Hungary) • Schipperke (Belgium) • Shetland sheepdog (GB) • Welsh corgi cardigan/Pembroke (GB)
Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups
Breed Group 2
Group 2 –
Pinschers, Shcnauzers, Mastiffs & Swiss Mountain & Cattle Dogs
- Affenpinscher (Germany)
- Bernese mountain dog
- Boxer
- Bulldog
- Bullmastiff
- Dobermann Pinscher
- Dogue de Bordeaux
- German Pinscher
- Great Dane
- Hovawart
- Landseer
- Mastiffs
- Neopolitan mastiff
- Newfoundland
- Rottweiler
- Schnauzer
- Shar pei
- St Bernard
Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups
Breed Group 3
Group 3 - Terriers
- Airedale
- Australian terrier
- Bedlington terrier
- Bull terrier
- Cairn terrier
- English toy terrier
- Fox terrier
- Irish terrier
- Jack russel
- Lakeland terrier
- Manchester terrier
- Norfolk terrier
- Russian black terrier
- Scottish terrier
- Skye terrier
- Staffordshire bull terrier
- West highland white terrier
- Yorkshire terrier
Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups
Breed Group 4
Group 4 – Dachshunds
• Miniature & standard
Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups
Breed Group 5
Group 5 – Primitive type dogs & Spitz breeds • Akita • Basejni • Chow chow • Eurasier • Finnish Lapphund • German spitz • Japanese spitz • Mexican hairless dog • Norwegian buhund • Pomeranian • Samoyed • Siberian huskey
Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups
Breed Group 6
Group 6 – Scenthounds • Basset hound • Beagle • Bloodhound • Dalmation • Grand bleu de Gascogne • Hamiltonstovare • Harrier • Kerry beagle • Otter hound • Rhodeisan ridgeback
Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups
Breed Group 7
Group 7 – Pointers & setters • Brittany • Munsterlander • English setter • Irish setter
• Pointer
o English & German
- Viszla
- Weimeraner
Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups
Breed Group 8
Group 8 – Retrievers, Water dogs, flushing dogs
• Golden retriever
• Labrador retriever
• Spaniel breeds (springer, cocker)
Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups
Breed Group 9
Group 9 – Companions & toys • Bichon fries • Bolognese • Boston terrier • Cavalier King Charles Spaniel • Chihuahua • Chinese crested dog • French bulldog • Lhasa apso • Papillon • Pekinese • Poodle • Pug • Shih Tzu
Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups
Breed Group 10
Group 10 – Sight hounds, windhounds • Afghan hounds • Borzoi • Deerhound • Greyhound • Irish wolfhound • Italian greyhound • Whipped
Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups
Breed Groups
American Kennel Club (AKC)
American Kennel Club (AKC) separates breeds loosely on use
1• Herding dogs
o Collie, corgi, sheepdog etc
2• Working dogs
3• Sporting dogs
o Breeds used for shooting/hunting
4• Non-sporting dogs
o Varied collection of dogs with no specific purpose
5• Hounds
o Beagles, bloodhounds, dachshunds
6• Terriers
7• Toy dogs
8• Miscellaneous
Topic 16 – Canine reproduction features
- Reproductive cycle of the bitch
- Reproductive cycle of the bitch
• Seasonally mono-/dioestrus
• Long breeding cycle (4-11 months) with 4 phases o Proestrus, o Oestrus, o Metoestrus/dioestrus (luteal phase), o Anoestrus ▪ Long luteal phase (~60 days) ▪ Long anoestrus
• Vaginal bleeding during heat
• Variable length of sexual reproductivity
• Preovulatory progesterone secretion
(elevated levels can be detected prior to ovulation)
• Spontaneous ovulation
• Pseudopregnancy & lactatio falsa occurs frequently in some breeds
• Fertilization occurs 3-4 days after ovulation
• Embryo ! uterus 8 days after ovulation
• Implantation occurs ~17-18days
• Gestation period 60-65 days
(relatively short with rapid embryonic & foetal development)
Topic 16 – Canine reproduction features
2. Heat detection
- Symptoms, behaviour, acceptance
- Vaginal cytology
- Vaginoscopy
- Progesterone/LH measurements
- Vaginoscopy, cytology (keratinisation)
Topic 16 – Canine reproduction features
3. Common reproductive disorders
- Vaginal prolapse
- Vestibular hyperplasia during heat
- Cytic hyperplasia of endometrium in prolonged heat
- Pyometra (common in final phase of most reproductive disorders)
Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases
SHORT
- Immunodeficiencies
- Circulatory/haemostatic disorders
- Metabolic diseases (lysosomal storage diseases)
- Muscular
- Skeletal
- Cranial disorders
- Eye diseases
- Kidney Dysplasia
- Reproductive disorder
- Endocrine
- Skin & hair
- MDR1 Multidrug sensitivity
Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases
1. Immunodeficiencies
Immunodeficiencies:
1• CLAD (canine leukocyte adhesion deficiency)
o β-2-integrin gene mutation in IRISH SETTER
2• SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency)
o Agammaglobulinaemia in BASSET HOUND & WELSH CORGI
3• Membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis I
o Complement-3 mutation
4• Grey-Collie syndrome
o Cyclic haematopoesis & neutropaenia
Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases
2.Circulatory/haemostatic disorders
Circulatory/haemostatic disorders
1• Methaemaglobinaemia
o Methaemaglobin reductase
2• Haemophilia A & B
o Coagulation factors VIII & IX
3• Haemolytic anaemia
a- o Pyruvate kinase
▪ WHWT, Basenji, Abyssinian & Somali cats
b- o Phosphofructokinase deficiency in RBC
▪ English Springer Spaniel
4• Von-Willebrand
o Pseudohaemophilia
▪ Dobermann, Poodle, Scottish Terrier, Sheltie (>50 breeds)
Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases
- Metabolic diseases (lysosomal storage diseases)
Metabolic diseases (lysosomal storage diseases)
• Ceroid-lipofuscinosis (BORDER COLLIE)
• Fucosidosis (English springer spaniel)
• Gangliosidosis
• Mucopolysaccharidosis (german shepherd)
• Cystinuria (NEWFOUNDLAND)
• Copper toxicosis (BEDLINGTON terrier)
Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases
- Muscular
Muscular
1• Spinal muscular atrophy, SMA
2• Muscular dystrophy
o Dystrophin gene mutation in RETRIVERS
3• Myasthenia gravis (cats)
4• Malignant hyperthermia syndrome, MHS (greyhounds
5• Tremor
o Hypomyelinogenesis, myoclonia, PLP-gene mutation,
proteolipidprotein deficiency (Labrador)
6• Myatonia congenital (miniature schnauzer)
7• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, HCM (Main coon cats)
Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases
- Skeletal
Skeletal
1• Chondroplasia, hypochondroplasia, achondroplasia
o Basset hound, Dachshund ! Breed characteristic
2• Dwarfism
3• Legg-calve-perthes disease (hip necrosis)
4• Wobbler syndrome (ataxia, cervical spondilopathia)
5• Manx factor of cats (Manx cats & bobtails)
Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases
6. Cranial disorders
Cranial disorders
1• Cerebellar degeneration & hypoplasia in cats
2• Epilepsy
3• Narcolepsy (Doberman)
4• Deafness ! In blue eye white dogs & cats
Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases
7. Eye diseases
Eye diseases
1• Cataracts
2• Progressive renal atrophy, dystrophy & degeneration (PRA – Retina dysplasia)
3• Congenital stationary night blindness, CSNB (Briard)
Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases
- Kidney Dysplasia
Kidney Dysplasia
1• Renal dysplasia, RL
2• Nephritis
3• Polycystic kidney disease (Persian cats)
Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases
- Reproductive disorder
Reproductive disorder
1• XX males
2• Tfm-syndrome (testicular feminisation)
3• Sterility (Kartgener syndrome, ciliary diseases)
Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases
- Endocrine
Endocrine
• Hypothyroidism
Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases
- Skin & hair
Skin & hair 1• Albinism 2• Dermatosparaxis (cutaneous asthenia) 3• Epitheliogenesis imperfecta 4• Hypotrichosis (alopecia ! breed characteristic in Mexican & Peruvian dogs & Sphynx cats)
Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases
- MDR1
MDR1 Multidrug sensitivity
• Extreme sensitivity, neural sensitivity & even death after administration of
some drugs
Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases
Diagnosis of genetic diseases
1• Pedigree analysis
2• Test mating (for carrier diagonosis)
3• Phenotype screening
4• Lab diagnosis ! Biochem, metabolites, enzymes, haematology
5• Clinical ! X-rays, endoscopy, kidney clearance, ophthalmology, cardiology
6• Chromosome (karotype)
7• Molecular genetics (DNA)
o Available for approximately 20-25 canine disorders & 5 feline diseases
o May be direct gene (allele-specific) marker or linked indirect marker diagnosis
(DNA linkage test by microsatellites)
Topic 18 – Basics of feline breeding
(goals, use, breeds, breeding methods)
Shorthair cats
Moggy: Domestic cat, non-pedigree
Cattery: Where cats are kept & bred
Pedigree: Line of descent of purebred cats
Shorthair cats • British shorthair • Colourpoint-british shorthair • Exotic shorthair • Oriental shorthair • Havana • American shorhair • European shorthair • Chartreux • Manx • Russian blue • Japanese bobtail • Snowshoe • Siamese • Burmese • Burmilla • Tonkinese • Egyptian Mau • Anyssinian • Sphinx • Bengal
Topic 18 – Basics of feline breeding
(goals, use, breeds, breeding methods)
Longhair cats
Moggy: Domestic cat, non-pedigree
Cattery: Where cats are kept & bred
Pedigree: Line of descent of purebred cats
Longhaired cats • Persian • Colourpoint longhair • Turkish angora • Maine coon • Norwegian forest cat • Rag doll • Birman • Balinese • Somali • Tiffany • Cymric
Topic 19 – Feline reproduction features
- Puberty:
- Female = 9 (6-12) months
- Male = 12 (10-14) months - Sexual activity:
- Synchronous (seasonal)
- Polyoestrus or
- Continuous under artificial ILLUMINATION !
= Dependent of PHOTOPERIOD - Breeding season: Jan-July
- Alternate ovulatory cycle:
- Anovulatory (14 days)
- Ovulatory (35 days)
Ovulation is mainly INDUCED. - No of copulations may increase OVULATION rate & LITTER sizes
- Gestation = 63 (58-71) days
- PD = Palpation/sonography
- Litter size = 3-9 on average
- Lactation period: 50 days
Topic 20 – Most important feline genetic diseases
1• Polycystic kidney disease (Persian cats)
2• Hypotrichosis
(alopecia ! breed characteristic in Mexican & Peruvian
dogs & Sphynx cats)
3• Deafness ! In blue eye white dogs & cats
4• Cerebellar degeneration & hypoplasia in cats
5• Manx factor of cats (Manx cats & bobtails)
6• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, HCM (Main coon cats)
7• Myasthenia gravis (cats)
8• Haemolytic anaemia
o Pyruvate kinase
▪ Abyssinian & Somali cats
