Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANIMAL BREEDING > I. Horse, dog and cat breeding > Flashcards

I. Horse, dog and cat breeding Flashcards

1
Q

Topic 1
– Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary
consequences

A
  1. Taxonomy
  2. Interspecies hybridization
  3. Evolution
  4. Domestication
  5. Consequences of domestication
  6. Basic Terminology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Topic 1
– Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary
consequences
1. Taxonomy

A

KPCOFG: KingPopeComeOverFuckGirls
ACMPEE: AnyCuteMayPoopEqualExtra

  1. Kingdom: Animalia
  2. Phylum: Chordata
  3. Class: Mammalia
  4. Order: Perissodactyla
    (non-ruminant, hooved animals)
  5. Family: Equidae
  6. Genus: Equus
7. Species:
• Wild horses – Equus ferus Boddaert
• Prewalski horse/Taki – Equus ferus Prewalski
• Tarpan – Equus ferus ferus
• Domestic horse – Equus caballus
Subgenus Asinus (African ass/donkey)
Species
• Equus asinus/africanus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Topic 1
– Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary
consequences
2. Interspecies hybridization

A
  1. Mule
    – Male ass (jack) & mare. Usually STERILE
  2. Hinny/jennet
    – Female ass (jenny) & stallion. Less common. Also INFERTILE
  3. Zebra mules
    - (zorse, zonkey)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Topic 1
– Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary
consequences
3. Evolution

A
  1. Evolution is well documented.
  2. Most important evolutionary forms of horse:
  • Eohippus
  • Mesohippus
  • Mio-, mery-, pliohipps
  • Equus
  1. Most important changes: Size, toe reduction, diet (omnivores ! herbivores),
    teeth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Topic 1
– Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary
consequences
4. Domestication

A
  • Occurred ~5000-6000 years ago
    1st – Central Asia, later in Persia, Egypt & Europe (3000-4000BC)
  • Based on mitochondrial examination,
  • Tarpan/Tarpan subspecies is main ancestor.
  • Wild horses: Przewalkski horse is only remaining wild spp
  • Feral horses: Have domestic ancestors but were born & live in wild
  • (‘dedomesticated’) ! Mustangs, Bramby
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Topic 1
– Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary
consequences

  1. Consequences of domestication
A 
1• Fusion of chromosomes
o Wild horses – 66/64
o Asses – 62
o Domestic horses – 66/64
o Only assumed (has not yet been proved. Chromosome no. of Tarpan
is unknown)

2• Mutations & selection
o 200+ breeds, breed groups & types

3• Size variation
o Height at withers (50-180cm) ! Horses & ponies
o Dwarfism – Falabella, Shetland pony

4• Build & conformation
o Draft horses, light horses etc.
o Breed characteristics (Roman nosed, dished face)

5• Weight variation
o 50-1200kg

6• Diet – Less effective feed conversion

7• Accelerated ageing

8• Reduced immune system & increased sensitivity to certain diseases
(e.g. decreased resistance to respiratory diseases)

9• Colour variations

10• Sexual activity
o Poorly expressed sexual dimorphism
o Reduced fertility in some breeds
o Monoestrus ! seasonally polyoestrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Topic 1
– Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary
consequences

  1. Consequences of domestication
    SHORT
A 
1• Fusion of chromosomes
2• Mutations & selection
3• Size variation
4• Build & conformation
5• Weight variation
6• Diet
7• Accelerated ageing

8• Reduced immune system & increased sensitivity to certain diseases

9• Colour variations

10• Sexual activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Topic 1
– Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary
consequences
6. Basic Terminology

A
  1. FOAL: Horse of either sex <1year old
  2. YEARLING:
    Horse of either sex between 1 & 2 years old
  3. COLT: Male horse <4years old
  4. FILLY: Female horse <4 years old
  5. MARE: : Femal horse >4 years old
  6. STALLION: Entire (non-castrated) male horse >4 years old
  7. GELDING: Castrated male of any age
  8. RIG: Stallion with an undescended testicle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Topic 2
–Breeding goals and use in horse breeding, most important performance traits
(race, sport, others)

A
  1. Use of horses throughout history
  2. History of horse breeding
  3. Breeding systems/methods
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Topic 2
–Breeding goals and use in horse breeding, most important performance traits
(race, sport, others)

  1. Use of horses throughout history
A

1• Transportation
o Riding – “saddle horse”
o Driving – “harness horse”

2• Work – Farming, carts, ploughing, cavalry, police, ranching etc.

3• Food – Meat, milk

4• Companionship (pleasure riding, pleasure driving)

5• Therapeutic purposes

6• Sport – Hunting, racing, eventing

7• Medicine – Globulin & eCG (equine choriogonadotropin) production

8• Housing, instruments – Horse hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Topic 2
–Breeding goals and use in horse breeding, most important performance traits
(race, sport, others)

  1. History of horse breeding
A

1• ARABIAN horse ! Earliest documentation of breeding of horses by Bedouin
people in Middle East

2• Akhal-Teke ! Bred for war & racing in West-Central Asia

3• NOMADS of Mongolian Steppes have bred horses for several thousand years

4• MEDEVIAL Europe ! Specific breeding of horses for war

5• North Africa & Middle East ! Muslim warriors bred lighter horses for
speed & agility

  1. Later, in Europe, Europeans incorporated genetic traits of oriental horses to
    improve the speed of native breeds.
  2. Renaissance period: “Haute ecole” riding
    Popular with the nobility
    - Development of breeds such as Lipizanner
  3. Thoroughbred: “Ultimate racehorse”
    Warmblood: Developed during the 17th & 18th centuries for use as carriage
    horses
    Easily adapted to modern use as competition horses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Topic 2
–Breeding goals and use in horse breeding, most important performance traits
(race, sport, others)
3. Breeding systems/methods

A

Selection of animals to be mated depends on intended use of animal
Must have a clear breeding goal

Knowledge of basic genetics:

1• Mendelian genetics – colour

2• Population/quantitative genetics
– polygenic traits, performance, speed,
strength, conformation

  1. Understanding of reproductive cycle & fertility
  2. PURE BREEDING
    • Inbreeding: Inbreeding coefficient should NOT EXEED 0.1-0.3

• Line breeding: Repeated BACK CROSSING used for character fixation

  1. CROSSBREEDING

a• Blood refreshment:
Crossing of individuals of same breed but
different familial lines to increase vigour

b• Single crossing: One-time crossing

c• Grading up:
Regular crossings throughout more generations to improve breed/produce new breed

d• Synthetic breeds:
A planned gene pool of a horse breed

e• Terminal crossings: Utilises heterosis

  1. INTERSPECIES HYBRIDS
    - Mules etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Topic 3
– Marking and identification of the horses, principal coat colours and inheritance, the behavioral vices
SHORT

A
  1. Monogenic (qualitative) characteristics of the horse – Coat colours
  2. DNA colour test
  3. Behavioural Vices
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Topic 3
– Marking and identification of the horses, principal coat colours and inheritance, the behavioral vices
1. Coat colours

A

Monogenic (qualitative) characteristics of the horse – Coat colours

  1. Basic colours:
    - Black, bay (brown), chestnut
  2. Modified variants:
    - Grey, roan
  • Rules of Mendelian inheritance are valid for coat colour
  • Roan ! Intermediate inheritance
  • Coat colour may be a breed characteristic (Suffolk Punch, Cleveland Bay, Fresian
    etc. )
  • Some colour genes are molecular genetically UNDETECTABLE
    (dun, chestnut, tobiano, overo spotted)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Topic 3
– Marking and identification of the horses, principal coat colours and inheritance, the behavioral vices
1. Coat colours
COAT COLOUR LOCUS

A

A – Agouti
• Distribution of black coloured hair

E – Melanin extension/non-extension
• Extension of RED pigments
(red, chestnut, sorrel !

ee = ability to produce BLACK pigment in SKIN, but appears RED in HAIRS)

G - Grey
• Exclusion of pigment from hair over time (born dark, lightens with age ! progressive greying)

R – Roan
• Mixing of dark &amp; light hairs
• Black-, blue-, bay- &amp; red roan
• Appaloosa characteristics may be related to the roan gene D – Dilution/dominant
• Dun horses

W – White
• Inability to form pigment
• WW homozygotes ! Embryonic lethal

C - Colour
• S – Spotting (Appaloosa; blanket, marble, leopard, snowflake, spot)
• P – Piebald/skewbald
• O – Ovaro spotted
• T – Tobiano
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Topic 3
– Marking and identification of the horses, principal coat colours and inheritance, the behavioral vices
2. DNA colour test

A

Basic colour is determined by the

  • white (W),
  • grey (G),
  • extension (E) &
  • agouti (A) genes.

W, G ! Dominant

In absensce of W or G, the colours of:
- bay, 
- black, 
- chestnut &amp;
- sorrel 
= are controlled by variations at the E &amp; A locus.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Topic 3
– Marking and identification of the horses, principal coat colours and inheritance, the behavioral vices
3. Behavioural Vices

A

Crib biting
Weaving
Windsucking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Topic 4 – Main reproduction features and traits of the horse
(breeding season, AI, raising foals)
SHORT

A

Reproductive traits of horse (polygenic/quantitative characteristic)

  1. Puberty:
  2. General reproductive features
  3. Breeding season:
  4. Ovarian cycle of mare
    - Cycle length:
    - Ovulation:
    - Corpus luteum (CL)
    - Heat (oestrus)
    - Practical heat detection
  5. Frequent disorders:
  6. Covering
  7. Gestation
    - Gestation period
    - Fertilization:
    - Implantation:
    - Pregnancy diagnosis
    - Pseudopregnancy:
  8. Environmental effects/factors
    - Photoperiod:
    - Condition
    - Hormones

9- Advanced reproductive techniques
• Embryo transfer
• Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
• Egg transfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Topic 4 – Main reproduction features and traits of the horse
(breeding season, AI, raising foals)

Reproductive traits of horse (polygenic/quantitative characteristic)

  1. Puberty:
A

Occurs btw 16-18 months
Full sexual maturity reached by:
2+ years (ave btw 3-5 years)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Topic 4 – Main reproduction features and traits of the horse
(breeding season, AI, raising foals)

Reproductive traits of horse (polygenic/quantitative characteristic)

  1. General reproductive features
A
  • Uniparous
  • Low reproductive potential
  • Late puberty
  • Seasonal sexual activity

o Mares are seasonally polyoestrus, except Camargue horse
(v. short season, essentially monoestrus)
• Frequent miscarriages
• Low pregnancy rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Topic 4 – Main reproduction features and traits of the horse
(breeding season, AI, raising foals)

Reproductive traits of horse (polygenic/quantitative characteristic)

  1. Breeding season:
A

Feb-August

Fertility highest in March-June

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Topic 4 – Main reproduction features and traits of the horse
(breeding season, AI, raising foals)

Reproductive traits of horse (polygenic/quantitative characteristic)

  1. Ovarian cycle of mare
A

1• CYCLE LENGTH: 20-21 days
Biphasic with luteal phase

2• OVULATION: Normally spontaneous
Occurs during last phase of heat
(4th/5th day)

One (occasionally two) egg(s) per ovulation
o TWIN ovulations rarely occurs
▪ Consequences of twin ovulations ! resorption, abortion 30%
▪ Twin-pregnancy is rare & undesirable (pathological trait)

3• CORPUS LUTEUM (CL)
o Persistency may occur causing anoestrus & missing cycles
o Heat can be induced in mares with a mature CL

4• HEAT (oestrus)
o Lasts 3-5 (7) days
o Foal heat (9th day after foaling)
▪ May be used for mating
▪ Fertile in 50% of cases
o Heat signs
▪ Relaxed, hyperaemic external genitals
▪ Frequent urination
▪ Raising tail
▪ Mucous discharge
▪ Desire for company
▪ Presenting to teaser stallion
▪ Teasing of other mares

o Practical heat detection

▪ LIVE COVER ! Mare is ‘teased’ several times with a teaser stallion.
Mares in heat will generally tolerate teaser or present herself to him

▪ VETERINARY determination ! 
- Ultrasound
- Palpation; 
- Measuring hormone levels 
(LH, progesterone)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Topic 4 – Main reproduction features and traits of the horse
(breeding season, AI, raising foals)

Reproductive traits of horse (polygenic/quantitative characteristic)

  1. Frequent disorders:
A
  • Anovulatory cycle (only follicular phase)
  • Persistency & atresia of follicles
  • Prolonged cycles

• Short, “split” & silent heat
(common in early & late season, signs of
sterility)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Topic 4 – Main reproduction features and traits of the horse
(breeding season, AI, raising foals)

Reproductive traits of horse (polygenic/quantitative characteristic)

  1. Covering
A

• LIVE COVER
(required for all Thoroughbreds)

• AI
o Semen is collected using an artificial vagina (AV) & processed in a
laboratory before freezing/chilling & transporting
o Plastic catheter is used intrauterine deposition of semen
o Semen motility of 50% + is successful
o Conception rate is 60-80%

o Advantages of AI
1▪ No contact between mare & stallion
• No accidents
• Reduces spread of venereal disease

2▪ International breeding programs are possible
▪ Less stress to animals (no travel required)
▪ More mares can be mated to a valuable stallion

3▪ Allows linebreeding !
Semen can be stored long after death
of a valuable stallion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Topic 4 – Main reproduction features and traits of the horse
(breeding season, AI, raising foals)

Reproductive traits of horse (polygenic/quantitative characteristic)

  1. Gestation
A
  1. Gestation period:
    336 (326-350) days

Maintained by accessory corpus luteum, eCG (PMSG) production (days 31-120) & placental oestrogens
(4th-5th months onwards)

  1. Fertilization:
    Occurs in fallopian tube
    Embryo migrates to uterus after 4-5 days (intrauterine migtation of embro between horns is common during early stage)
  2. Implantation:
    Around 40-50 days
    Delayed innesting is common causing longer pregnancies at earlier seasonal mating
  3. Pregnancy diagnosis
    a• Non-return: No heat after mating/AI
    b• Clinical signs
    – Vaginal & rectal observations/palpations
    o Thick, mucous cervico-vaginal discharge
    o Asymmetric uterus, foetal fluid & foetus (felt on rectal exam)

c• Hormonal measurements
– eCG, progesterone, oestrogens
o Rapid progesterone & eCG test
o Placental oestrogens in late pregnancy

d• Ultrasound
o 14-45 days !
Spherical structure with embryo, vitelline veins, yolk sac & allantochorion

  1. Pseudopregnancy:
    - Consequence of embryonic death after 35 days.
    - Characterized by prolonged luteal phase & normal eCG production
    - Heat is NOT inducible !
    - No reaction of CL to drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Topic 4 – Main reproduction features and traits of the horse
(breeding season, AI, raising foals)

Reproductive traits of horse (polygenic/quantitative characteristic)

  1. Environmental effects/factors
A
  1. Photoperiod:
    - Increased daylight (length of day) !
    = Increased ovarian activity
  2. Condition:
    - Working,
    - racing,
    - sport
  3. Hormones:
    - hCG/GnRH ! –> Induction of ovulation
    - PGF2α, gestagens
    (Regu-mate, PRID) –> Oestrus induction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Topic 4 – Main reproduction features and traits of the horse
(breeding season, AI, raising foals)

Reproductive traits of horse (polygenic/quantitative characteristic)

  1. Advanced reproductive techniques
A

May be used if an owner does not want to take a valuable competition mare out of training to carry a foal

  • Embryo transfer
  • Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
  • Egg transfer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Topic 5 – Most important genetic diseases of the horse

ABREVIATIONS

A
  1. Haemophilia
  2. LWO
  3. Melanomatosis
  4. HYPP
  5. SCID
  6. EPSM
  7. HERDA
  8. GBED
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Topic 5 – Most important genetic diseases of the horse

1. Haemophilia

A

Haemophilia
• Lethal factors, gene mutations
• WW (white) & OO (ovaro white spotting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Topic 5 – Most important genetic diseases of the horse

2. LWO

A
  • TC!AG mutation in endothelin B receptor gene
  • Linked with melanocyte migration regulator gene of neural crest
  • Lack of colon ganglions
  • AR inheritance

• Signs:

  • Colic &
  • flatulence of suckling foals
  • Death of homozygotes
• Seen in:
- Paint, 
- Pinto, 
- Quarter Horse, 
- English Thoroughbred, 
- Miniature horse
breeds

• MOLECULAR diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Topic 5 – Most important genetic diseases of the horse

3. Melanomatosis

A

Melanomatosis of grey horses
• Disorder of melanocyte migration

• Signs: Relatively benign melanomas in grey horses of 15yrs +
around:
-  eyes, 
- vagina, 
- anus &amp; 
- on skin
  • Occurs in most breeds of grey colour
  • CLINICAL diagnosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Topic 5 – Most important genetic diseases of the horse

  1. HYPP
A

HYPP (hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis)

• Mis-sense point mutation,
autosomal DOMINANT

• Signs:

  • Na-channel funct is disturbed in skeletal M.
  • Hyperkalaemia,
  • Lameness,
  • Muscle weakness,
  • Paralysis,
  • Muscle twitching

• Occurs mainly in:

  • Quarterhorse,
  • Paint &
  • Appaloosa breeds

• MOLECULAR genetic diagnosis
(DNA test)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Topic 5 – Most important genetic diseases of the horse

  1. SCID
A

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

• Frameshift mutation,

  • deletion in DNA-protein kinase genes,
  • AR inheritance

• Signs:

  • Poor T & B-lymphocyte function,
  • Immunodeficiency,
  • Death of young foals (1-8wks) due to 2° infection after COLOSTRAL protection ceases

• Occurs in:
- Arab horses (2-25% may be carriers)

• MOLECULAR genetic diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Topic 5 – Most important genetic diseases of the horse

  1. EPSM
A

Equine polysaccharide storage myopathy (EPSM/PSSM)

  • Metabolic muscular condition ! “tying up”
  • Also related to GLYCOGEN storage disorder

• Seen in:
Quarter Horses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Topic 5 – Most important genetic diseases of the horse

  1. HERDA
A

Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia (HERDA)

  • Also known as hyperelastosis cutis (HC)
  • Autosomal RECESSIVE

• Collagen defect !
- Layers of skin are not held firmly together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Topic 5 – Most important genetic diseases of the horse

  1. GBED
A

Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency (GBED)

• No glycogen storage ! 
- cardiac &amp; skeletal M. cannot function !
=> DEATH
• Occurs in:
 foals homozygous for lethal GBED allele

• DNA blood test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Topic 6 – The role of training and racing in horse breeding. Judging of
conformation, the gaits

TRAINING

A

Training:
1. MAIN GOAL is to create a horse that is SAFE for humans to handle, performs a useful task for human benefit & is obedient

  1. Historically !:
    - Training for warfare,
    - farm work,
    - sport,
    - transport
  2. Today !:
    - Recreational/sporting activities;
  • specialized jobs
    movie stunt horses,
    police work & crowd control,
    equine-assisted psychotherapy
  1. Controversy exists over training methods. Some TECHNIQUES are considered cruel, others are believed to be gentler & more humane.
  2. SAFETY is considered to be the most important aspect when training horses, due to their size & strength. Horse must be taught to behave in a way that will not harm/
    injure the handler.
  3. Horses are SOCIAL HERD ANIMALS ! Can learn to follow & respect a human leader
  4. PREY ANIMALS ! ‘Fight or flight’ response. Horses must be taught to rely on humans to determine when fear/flight is an appropriate response to new stimuli & not to act on instinct (animal must learn to trust human)
  5. Handling from an EARLY AGE is advisable ! Young horses are more adaptable & responsive to learning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Topic 6 – The role of training and racing in horse breeding. Judging of
conformation, the gaits

STAGES OF TRAINING

A

Most horses go through a predictable series of steps before becoming a ‘finished’ animal

  1. Training of foals/young horses – Getting animal used to human contact &
    handling
  2. Ground training – May involve getting animal used to vocal signals; strengthening muscles in preparation for backing
  3. Backing/breaking in (saddle or harness)
  4. Training for specific discipline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Topic 6 – The role of training and racing in horse breeding. Judging of
conformation, the gaits

GAITS

A

The horse has four natural gaits –

  1. walk,
  2. trot,
  3. canter,
  4. gallop.
  5. Walk: 4 beat gait
    ~6.4km/hr
    LH, LF, RH, RF
  6. Trot: 2 beat gait
    ~13km/hr
    Diagonal pairs move synchronously & in unison
  • Variations of trot:
    a. Piaff (trotting ‘on the spot’)

b. Passage
(exaggerated trot with slow
motion)

  1. Canter: Controlled, 3 beat gait
    ~16-27km/hr (depending on length of stride)
  • Variation:
    a. Lope. Slow canter seen in Western riding.
  1. Gallop: 4 beat gait
    LH, RH, LF, RF followed by a period of suspension
  2. Other gaits
    a. Jump: Can be learned or taught

b. Pace: Lateral two beat gait
(2 legs on same side move simultaneously)
Inherited recessively
Faster than trot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Topic 6 – The role of training and racing in horse breeding. Judging of
conformation, the gaits

GAITED HORSES

A

Gaited horses:

  • Possess ambling/specialized gaits
  • All specialized gaits are faster than a walk but usually slower than a canter
  • May be inheritable/able to be taught with minimal training

1• Missouri FOXTROTTER
o FOX TROT ! 4 beat diagonal gait

2• Peruvian PASO/Paso Fino
o PASO ! smooth, intermediate ambling gaits

3• Five-Gaited American SADDLE BRED
o RACK/racking ! Fast, ground-covering 4 beat
gait. Horse ‘snaps’ hocks & knees up quickly

4• TENESSE WALKING Horse
o RUNNING WALK ! 4 beat lateral gait

5• ICELANDIC horse
o TØLT/”FLYING PACE”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Topic 7 – Horse races (race horses), horse sports, riding, coach driving (sport
horses)

TYPES OF HORSERACING

A

Types of horse racing:

1• UNDER SADDLE
o Federation Equestre International (FEI)
– Governs international racing

a▪ THOROUGHBRED horse racing
(most popular world wide)
• Flat racing
• Steeplechasing

b▪ American QUARTER HORSE racing
• Races over ~¼ mile
- Arabian, 
- Akhal-Teke, 
- Appaloosa, 
- American Paint Horses &amp; other light breeds

c▪ Endurance riding
• Arabian horse dominates at top levels
• Racing over 20-100 miles

d▪ Ride & tie
• 2 people alternately ride one horse & run
• Popular in North America

  1. IN HARNESS
    a o Harness racing (driving)
    ▪ Trotting – Trotters race with a sulky
    ▪ Horses generally trot or pace
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Topic 7 – Horse races (race horses), horse sports, riding, coach driving (sport
horses)

RIDING SPORTS/COMPETITION

A

Recognized worldwide (FEI)& form part of the equestrian events at the Olympics

1• Show jumping

2• Dressage
- ‘Haute ecole’ – Advanced component of classical dressage

3• Cross country

4• Eventing
- Combined training, horse trials, three day eventing etc.
- Combined competition involving:
show jumping, dressage & cross country

5• Other events !

  • Combined driving,
  • reining,
  • equestrian vaulting,
  • endurance riding,
  • Paralympics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Topic 7 – Horse races (race horses), horse sports, riding, coach driving (sport
horses)

HORSESHOWS

A

• Held throughout the world with a variety of events, equipment, attire & judging standards

  1. Equitation (‘Seat & hands’, horsemanship)
    ▪ Rider is judged on form, style & ability/handling
2. Pleasure, flat, under saddle
▪ Horses are ridden on the flat &amp; judged on:
- manners,
- performance, 
- movement, 
- style &amp; quality
  1. Halter, in-hand, conformation
    ▪ Horse is judged by:
    - conformation and/or breeding ability
  2. Jump classes
    ▪ Show jumping, show hunter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Topic 7 – Horse races (race horses), horse sports, riding, coach driving (sport
horses)

HARNESS SPORTS

A

1• COMBINED competitive driving:

  • Arena-based ‘dressage’ class ! => Control & precision
  • Cross-country ‘marathon’ => ! emphasizes fitness & endurance
  • ‘Stadium’/’cones’ ! => Obstacle course

2• DRAFT HORSE showing – Most draft breeds are shown either in hand or harness

3• PLEASSURE driving – Using a light cart at walk & trot. Emphasis on manners

4• Fine harness/’FORMAL’ driving – 4 wheeled cart. Horse judged on a flashy action & dramatic performance

5• ROADSTER – Similar to racing (with a sulky), but focus is placed on manners & performance rather than time/speed

6• CARRIAGE driving – Judged on turnout

45
Q

Topic 7 – Horse races (race horses), horse sports, riding, coach driving (sport
horses)

ENGLISH RIDING SPORTS

A

1• Classical Olympic events (dressage, SJ, XC)

2• Hunter classes
o May be shown on flat or over jumps

3• Saddleseat
o American discipline
o Showing of high-stepping & gaited breeds such as Saddlebred, Tennessee Walker etc.

a▪ PARK division – Horses with highest (most exaggerated) action

b▪ PLEASSURE division – Manners rank over animation

c▪ Plantation/COUNTRY division
– Least animation, greatest emphasis on manners

46
Q

Topic 7 – Horse races (race horses), horse sports, riding, coach driving (sport
horses)

WESTERN RIDING

A

• Rodeo
1. TIME EVENTS
▪ Barrel racing
▪ Pole bending
▪ Steer wrestling/’bulldogging’ ! Rider jumps of horse onto a steer & wrestles it to the ground by its horns
▪ Goat tying ! Teaches younger riders the basics of calf roping

2. ROPING
– Tasks are based on real-life requirements of working
cowboys
▪ Calf roping/tie-down roping
▪ Team roping (‘heading &amp; heeling’)
• Men &amp; women may compete together
• Two people work as a team to capture &amp; restrain a
steer
▪ Breakaway roping
  1. ‘ROUGH STOCK’ competition
    ▪ Bronc riding
47
Q

Topic 7 – Horse races (race horses), horse sports, riding, coach driving (sport
horses)

OTHER EQUESTRIAN ACTIVITIES

A
  • Arena sports (polo, Pato)
  • Gymkhana/mouted games
  • Vaulting
  • Horseball
  • Jousting

• Le trec
– 3 phases (trail riding, jumping, basic flatwork).
– Test’s horse-rider partnership!

  • Competitive trail riding
  • Competitive mounted engineering
  • Fox hunting
  • Hacking/pleasure riding
48
Q

Topic 7 – Horse races (race horses), horse sports, riding, coach driving (sport
horses)

SUMMARY

A
  1. TYPES OF HORSERACING
  2. RIDING SPORTS/COMPETITION
  3. HORSESHOWS
  4. HARNESS SPORTS
  5. ENGLISH RIDING SPORTS
  6. WESTERN RIDING
  7. OTHER EQUESTRIAN ACTIVITIES
49
Q

Topic 8 –Technology of race- and sport horse breeding. Genetic improvement
of race and sport horses

RACEHORSES

A

Racehorses – Thoroughbreds

  • Flat racing:
    Usually retire earlier. Good stallions ! More value as stud animals.
  • Jump racing: Fit horses may continue racing up to 12 years

1• Primary trait is SPEED at GALLOP
(basic thoroughbred selection),
- although has LOW heritability (h2=0.2-0.3) !
- No great correlation with sire performance &
offspring performance

o PROBLEM in that TBs often bred more for NAME/pedigree rather than ACTUAL ABILITY

  • Time,
  • cumulated prize,
  • amount of money,
  • handicap number etc are also considered as racehorse traits.
2• Secondary traits: 
- Stamina, 
- persistence in performance, 
- early maturity.
• SEX is also important (colts)

TB BREEDING SEASON in northern hemisphere runs from FEBRUARY-JUNE/July
(TBs born in northern hemisphere are considered 1 year older on 1st Jan, in southern hemisphere they
are considered 1 year older on 1st Aug) !
- AIM is to ensure foals are born in the earliest
months of year to ensure as much time to mature before racing.

MUST USE LIVE COVER!

• AI would lead to further narrowing of gene pool
(one stallion could cover thousands of mares)

  • Dramatic fall in covering fees (bad for stud farms)
  • More difficult record keeping/pedigree documentation

Breeding stallion – May cover 4 mares per day
(7am, midday, 4pm, 8pm & midnight if absolutely necessary).

Must allow some flexibility for when mares are ovulating.

Mares
– Checked for inoculations (venereal diseases etc),
- tail bandaged,
- washed down,
- covered with leather cape
(to prevent being bitten by stallion) & back hooves booted (a kick in the knackers could put stallion out of action for ~10days)

50
Q

Topic 8 –Technology of race- and sport horse breeding. Genetic improvement
of race and sport horses

TRAITS OF HARNESS RACING

A

• Trotting

  • Ability (speed & trotting skill) in sulky or under saddle
  • Cumulated prizes (h2=0.2-0.3)
  • Average ~1 min 20 for 1000m

• Pacing
o Quicker than trot.
- Mainly American Pacer horses.

51
Q

Topic 8 –Technology of race- and sport horse breeding. Genetic improvement
of race and sport horses

TRAITS OF SPORT HORSES

A

Traits of sport horses
(TBx are common, although depends on level & type of
competition)

  • Bred for PERFORMANCE/ability, NOT necessarily APPERANCE/pedigree
  • DRESSAGE:
  • Movement,
  • aesthetics,
  • elegance,
  • correctness of gaits,
  • good learning capacity.

• SHOW JUMPERS:

  • Precision riding with obstacles,
  • jumping ability

• 3 day EVENT:
- Good combination of all skills from all disciplines (wellrounded ability)

• ENDURANCE:

  • Stamina,
  • ability over range of terrains.

• HUNTING:

  • Ability to comprehend unpredictable routes,
  • speed,
  • agility,
  • stamina,
  • courage

• WESTERN:

  • Starting,
  • Stopping,
  • Turning ability (agility)

GENERAL traits to look for !

  • Conformation,
  • temperament,
  • ability (dep. on discipline),
  • movement
52
Q

Topic 9 – Arabian origin horse breeds and other Arabian blooded descendents
SHORT

A 
General characteristics of hot/warmblooded horses
Purebred Arabs
Shagya Arab
Barb
Anglo-Arab
Akhal-Teke
Tersk
Don/Russian Don
Kabardin
Karabair
Karabakh
Gidran
53
Q

Topic 9 – Arabian origin horse breeds and other Arabian blooded descendents

General characteristics of hot/warmblooded horses

A

• Narrow back with defined withers

• Fine skeleton
o Cannon girth 18-22cm
o Long legs
o Small, fine, hard hooves
o Height >150cm
  • Long hindquarters (speed)
  • 400-500kg

• Head
o Fine, concave, convex or straight profile
o Fine, thin ears with no feathering

  • Large ground coverage
  • Lively temper, quick & steady action
  • ‘Poor doers’ ! Struggle to maintain weight; high feed demand
  • Long lifespan (>15yrs)
Oriental horses:
- Arabian &amp; Arab-influenced breeds ! 
- Hotblooded horses
- Famous ancient Arab stallions: 
KUHAYLAN, SAKLAVY, Muniki
54
Q

Topic 9 – Arabian origin horse breeds and other Arabian blooded descendents

PURE BRED ARABS

A

• Reputation for intelligence, spirit & stamina

• Conformation:
o Distinctive HEAD shape
▪ Concave/dished profile
▪ Broad forehead
▪ Large EYES
▪ Large NOSTRILS
▪ Small MUZZLE
o High TAIL carriage
o Arched NECK with well-set windpipe
o Refined, clean throatlatch
o Long, level croup
o Deep, well angled HIP &amp; laid-back SHOULDER

o Compact body (SHORT BACK) ! Capable of carrying heavy riders

o Dense, strong bone with sound feet & good HOOF walls
• One of OLDEST horse breeds
(archaeological evidence shows similar horses dating back 4500 years)

• Arabian horses have been used to improve other breeds !

  • Speed,
  • endurance & good bone.
  • Almost ALL modern riding breeds contain some Arabian bloodlines.

• Close relationship btw. horses & ancient BEDOUIN people led to the development of a good natured, easily trainable & WILLING animal

55
Q

Topic 9 – Arabian origin horse breeds and other Arabian blooded descendents

SHAGYA ARAB
ANGLO-ARAB
GIDRAN

A 
1. Shagya Arab
• From Hungarian Stud Babolna
• Similar to purebred Arabs but:
- taller, 
- less-refined, 
- bigger boned &amp; with more pronounced WITHERS
  1. Anglo-Arab
    • TB x Arabian
    o Min 12.5% Arab blood
  2. Gidran
    • Chestnut-coloured, Hungarian ‘Anglo-Arab’
56
Q

Topic 9 – Arabian origin horse breeds and other Arabian blooded descendents

BARB

A

• Moroccan horse

o ANCESTOR of SPANISH horses !
- Major role in development of Andalusian & Lusitano

• Imported to England ~16th century !
- Development of English Thoroughbred

  • Influence of Barb is also apparent in many US breeds (Quarter Horse, Mustang, Appaloosa)
  • Light riding horse with good stamina
• CONFORMATION:
o Powerful front end
o High WITHERS
o Short back
o Sloping, narrow croup
o Low TAIL carriage
o Hardy, with clean legs &amp; small, round, sound hooves
o Good SPRINTER (influence in racing horses)
57
Q

Topic 9 – Arabian origin horse breeds and other Arabian blooded descendents

AKHAL-TEKE

A

• DESERT-type sport horse from Turkmenistan

• Metallic ‘bloom’ of COAT !
- Palominos, buckskins

• Conformation:
o Fine HEAD with straight/slightly CONVEX profile
o Long ears
o Almond shaped eyes
o Sparse mane &amp; tail
o LONG, lightly muscled BACK
o Flat croup
o Long, upright neck
o Sloping shoulders
o Fine skin
o Tough but fine limbs
• Slim body &amp; ribcage

• Influenced many breeds !

  • TB,
  • Trakehner,
  • Russian breeds
58
Q

Topic 9 – Arabian origin horse breeds and other Arabian blooded descendents

TERSK
DON/RUSSIAN DON
KABARDIN
KARABAIR
KARABAKH
A
  1. Tersk
    • Originates from northern CAUCASUS mountains in RUSSIA

• Arab x Orlov Trotter x Anglo-Arabs
(& small amounts of TB blood) !
Arabian look but LARGER than purebreds

  1. Don/Russian Don
    • COSSACK horse utilized initially as CAVALRY horse
  2. Kabardin
    • CAUCASUS mountain horse noted for endurance & ease to adapt to new surroundings
  3. Karabair
    • Ancient breed from UZBEKISTAN area

Karabakh
• Moutain-steppe racing & riding horse
• Noted for good TEMPERS & SPEED
• Hardy, strong, tough & sure-footed

59
Q

Topic 10 – The English Thoroughbred, the trotters and Thoroughbred
blooded sport horses

THE ENGLISH RHOROUGHBRED

A 
1. Founders of the modern thoroughbred
• Godolphin Arabian (Barb)
• Darley Arabian
• Byerly Turk
• Corwen Bay Barb
  1. Thoroughbreds are USED mainly for racing, but also for other disciplines (SJ, dressage, polo, hunting etc.)
    - Frequently used in crosses (ID x etc)
3. Prone to health complications ! 
= Bleeding from lungs, 
= low fertility, 
= flatfootedness
= Small hoof:body mass ratio (incr. risk of lameness), 
= Abnormally small hearts
  1. Colours:
    - Bay,
    - black,
    - chestnut,
    - grey
  2. Conformation:
    - Well-chiseled head,
    - long neck,
    - high withers,
    - deep chest,
    - lean body,
    - long legs,
    - good depth of hindquarters
60
Q

Topic 10 – The English Thoroughbred, the trotters and Thoroughbred
blooded sport horses

TB-type breeds/TB-influenced breeds

A

TB-type breeds/TB-influenced breeds
• Trakehner
o Arab x TB

• Holstein

• Hanoverian
o Influenced by:
- TB, 
- Trakhener &amp;
-  Holstein
o Good competition horses:
• Oldenburg
• Wurttemberd
• Wielkpolska
• Selle Francais (French Saddle Horse)
• Dutch warmblood
• Anglo-Arab
• American Saddlebred
• Budenny
Hungarian horse breeds (Halfbred – Improved by TB)
• GIDRAN
• Furioso-North Star
• NONIUSZ
• KISBER Halfbred
61
Q

Topic 10 – The English Thoroughbred, the trotters and Thoroughbred
blooded sport horses

Trotters & Pacers

A 
Trotters &amp; Pacers
• Orlov trotter
• Russian trotter
• American standardbred
• French trotter
• Hungarian trotter
• Hackney
• Morgan
• Cleveland bay
62
Q

Topic 11 – Spanish horses and Spanish blooded descendents

In GENERAL

A

Spanish & Neopolitan horses !
- All-round saddle & harness warmbloods

Andalusian
Alter-real
Lusitano
Lipizzaner
Friesian
Knabstrup
63
Q

Topic 11 – Spanish horses and Spanish blooded descendents

American descendants of Spanish horses

A

American descendants of Spanish horses

  1. Mustang – Wild, feral derivatives
  2. Appaloosa
  3. Quarter horse
  4. American Paint/Pinto
  5. Criollo
  6. Peruvian Paso
  7. Paso Fino
64
Q

Topic 11 – Spanish horses and Spanish blooded descendents

ANDALUSIAN

A

Andalusian
• Spanish Riding School – Also known as
‘Purebred Spanish Horse’

• Athletic, noble

• One of oldest horse breeds
o One of two sub-breeds of the IBERIAN horse
(the other being Lusitano)

• Excelent in dressage !
Move with a high, elegant action

• Strongly-built, compact horses
o Lean, medium length head with CONVEX profile & large eyes
o Long, broad & sometimes cresty NECK
o Long sloping SHOULDER
o Clean legs with good bone & short, strong cannons
o Thick, long, flowing MANE & TAIL

  • Reputation for proud but cooperative temperament
  • Highly INTELLIGENT

• 80% are GREY
(only other recognized colours are bay, black & chestnut)

65
Q

Topic 11 – Spanish horses and Spanish blooded descendents

ALTER-REAL
LUSITANO
KNAPSTRUP

A
  1. Alter-real
    • PORTUGAL´s ANDALUSIAN
  2. Lusitano
    • PORTUGESE bullfighter influenced by BARB horses
    • Can be any solid COLOUR
  3. Knapstrup
    • Leopard spotted
    • Originates from DENMARK
66
Q

Topic 11 – Spanish horses and Spanish blooded descendents

LIPIZZANER

A
  • Associated with SPANISH RIDING SCHOOL of VIENNA
  • Founded in 16th century by Habsburg nobility, initially a BAROQUE horse for MILLITARY purposes
  • Can be traced back to 6 stallions:
  1. Pluto,
  2. Conversano,
  3. Neopolitano,
  4. Favory,
  5. Siglavy,
  6. Maestoso,
  7. Tulipan,
  8. Incitato

• Compact & muscular with very powerful HINDQUARTERS
(enables them to perform difficult classic Dressage movements)

• Strong featured head with a CONVEX profile, set on a well-muscled arched neck

• Short cannons, good bone
• Well sloped shoulders
• Powerful &amp; elastic GAITS
• Natural balance
• Easily trained &amp; INTELLIGENT
• SLOW to MATURE (broken late) but LONG-LIVED
• Most horses are GREY
• “Airs above ground” – difficult dressage moves
1o Levade
2o Courbette
3o Capriole
4o Croupade

o Piaff, passage, pirouette, flying change etc.

67
Q

Topic 11 – Spanish horses and Spanish blooded descendents

FRIESIAN

A

Fresian
• Powerfully muscled horse with elegant action

• Many ‘COLDBLODDED’ features !
- Teathering, thick mane & tail

  • BLACK colour
  • Powerful, high-stepping, eye catching horse
  • Good all-rounders
68
Q

Topic 12 – Cold blooded (heavy draught) horses, ponies and small horses

General features of cold-blooded horses

A
  • LARGE, STRONG, HEAVY (up to 1000kg)
  • Hard, ‘rough’ skeleton

o Cannon girth 23-28cm
o Short legs
o Upright shoulders
o Hard, strong hooves

o HEIGTH >150cm
o Wide, Short HINDQUARTERS
o Broad back
o Low WITHERS
• Heavily muscled
• Thick coat, mane &amp; tail with feathering on lower limbs
• Short action
• Quiet temperament
• Good-doers
• Relatively SHORT LIFESPAN (<15yrs)
Cold-blooded (heavy draught horses) !
Origin Usually of:
British, 
French or 
German
69
Q

Topic 12 – Cold blooded (heavy draught) horses, ponies and small horses

Breeds

A
  1. Suffolk Punch
  2. Shire
  3. Clydesdale
    • Similar to Shire
4• French draught horses
- Percheron, 
- Comtois, 
- Boulonnais, 
- Breton, 
Ardennais
  1. Brabant
    • Belgian cold blood
    • Normally ‘sorrel’ coloured
  2. • German cold-blooded horses
    - Schelswig,
    - Rhein-Westphalen,
    - Schwarzwald
  3. Ponies (& Small Horses)
70
Q

Topic 12 – Cold blooded (heavy draught) horses, ponies and small horses

Cold blooded (heavy draught) horses

A
  1. SUFFOLK PUNCH
    • Old breed
    • Chestnut
  2. SHIRE
    • >1000kg
    • Powerful & muscular horse with strong loins, powerful hindquarters & dense bones
    • TALLEST & HEAVIEST of all draft breeds
    • Historically used as FARMING animals & CAVALRY horses
  3. CLYDESDALE
    • Similar to Shire
  4. • FRENCH DRAUGHT horses
    - PERCHERON,
    - Comtois,
    - Boulonnais,
    - BRETON,
    - ARDENAIS
    - Brabant

5• BELGIAN cold blood
• Normally ‘SORELL’ coloured

  1. • GERMAN cold-blooded horses
    - Schelswig,
    - RHEIN-WESTPHALEN
    - Schwarzwald
71
Q

Topic 12 – Cold blooded (heavy draught) horses, ponies and small horses

Ponies (& Small Horses)

A
  • Native pony breeds are generally cold-blooded
  • A pony is any horse under 14hh
  • Generally have thick coats, manes & tails with feathering on lower limbs
  • High endurance
  • Good-doers
  • Mild temper
  • Long lifespan
72
Q

Topic 12 – Cold blooded (heavy draught) horses, ponies and small horses

PONY/SMALL HORSE BREEDS

A

1o SHETLAND

2o WELCH PONY (ARAB &amp; BARB influence)
▪ Welsh mountain (sec A)
▪ Welsh pony (sec B)
▪ Cob-type (sec C)
▪ Welsh cob (sec D)

3o EXMOOR

4o DARTMOOR

5o CONNEMARA

6o FELL and DALES PONY

7o NEW FOREST

8o ICELANDIC horse !
- Gaited horse (Tolt)

9o CAMARGUE

10o NORWEGIAN FJORD
▪ Dun-coloured (HOMOZYGOUS)

11o HAFLINGER
▪ Always CHESTNUT!

12o KONIK
▪ TARPAN derivative of POLAN

13o CURLY horse/Bashkir curlies
▪ Come in all shapes & sizes but carry gene for curly coat of
hair
▪ Acclaimed to be only HYPOALLERGENIC horse breed

14o MINATURE horses
▪ FALABELLA

73
Q

Topic 13 – Dog and cat domestication, micro-evolutionary consequences,
relatives and interspecies hybrids

Dog

A

• Wolf: Domesticated 12,000BC (or earlier).
1st animal domesticated.

• Long evolutionary process ! Extinct types/breeds, new breeds yet to be distinguished

• Many consequences of domestication !
Nr of breeds, inbreeding, changes in temperament (i.e. considering humans as ‘pack leader’), appearance etc.

• Huge no of dog breeds ! Selective breeding & natural adaptation to various habitats

• Extreme DIVERSITY between breeds
1o Size & body mass (1-100kg)
▪ Toy, small, medium, large breeds

2o Coat colours & quality
▪ Short-, long-, wire- haired, smooth/curled coat etc.

3o Appearance & conformation
▪ Head shape ! Long, brachycephalic, round-headed, squareheaded etc.
▪ Ear shape & length ! Erect, lopped, cropped (illegal)
▪ Tail length & shape (e.g. curled in pugs)

4o Temperament, senses, instinct

5o Relationship with humans (companionship, some breeds are better suited to certain lifestyles)

74
Q

Topic 13 – Dog and cat domestication, micro-evolutionary consequences,
relatives and interspecies hybrids

Cat

A
  • Domesticated in ancient Egypt 3-5,000BC
  • Considered as sacred animals & worshipped
  • By middle ages, cats were considered as a symbol of the DEVIL but regained appeal after bubonic plague (killing rats)
  • Most breed development occurred during the 19th-20th century. Beginning of cat shows, exhibitions, breeding organization etc

• Biodiversity of cats due to domestication is small
o Only real variation in hair quality/length & colour
o Conformation & appearance is relatively similary between all breeds
▪ Largest cat = Maine Coon
▪ Head shape, eyes, ears & tail (e.g. Manx, bob-tails) show some variation

• Common BEHAVIOUR traits ! Territorial, scent marking, napping/sleeping, hunting etc.

75
Q

Topic 14 – Basics of canine breeding (goals, use, conformation and judging,
breeding methods)

A

Breed standards:
Idealised & general description of breed characteristics
Specifies height & weight of dog, body proportions,
colouration, conformation etc.

Also lists typical faults & defects

Changes with time

Registration: Lists accurate pedigree, breeding data of offspring & ancestry (4 parental generations)

Individual identification
(congenital markings, microchips, tattoos etc)

Stud books

Kennel: Where purebred dogs are kept & bred

Kennel Club/Breeding Associations: Lists breed standards

Judging rules etc:

  1. Breeding goal
    • Varies with breed/type/purpose ! Working dogs, companion animals, show dogs etc.
  2. Breeding traits
    • Vary depending on breeding goal
    o Aesthetics (appearance, conformation), intelligence, performance
    (racing dogs), fertility, litter size, temperament
  3. Breeding value & estimation
    • Uncommon in dogs
76
Q

Topic 14 – Basics of canine breeding (goals, use, conformation and judging,
breeding methods)

Breeding methods

A

Purebreeding
• Inbreeding
o Breeding of related individuals within 4 generations
o Increases homozygosis
o Decreases heterozygosis
o Character fixation
o May predispose animals to certain defects/medical conditions

o Can be measured by inbreeding coefficient (F)
▪ Grandparents, half-siblings =12.5%
▪ Parents & children, full sibs = 25%

o Inbreeding depression may occur
▪ Decreased fertility & repro problems
▪ Decreased fitness, viability & resistance
▪ Genetic anomalies & diseases
▪ Inbreeding is often used as test-mating to reveal genetic
abnormalities

1• Line breeding
o Breeding of related dogs (usually repeated back crossings of sires on
their offspring)
o Preservation & fixation of desired characteristics
o Prerequisites:
▪ Healthy males as line founders
▪ Healthy sires free of genetic defects
o Results in father-offspring resemblance

2• Outcrossing
o Necessary for genetic refreshment
o Individuals of same breed are crossed without inbreeding to introduce new genetic material

Like to like mating
• Breeding pair is of similar phenotypes but different geneotypes
• No increase in homozygosity ! poor fixation & heterozygosis
• Possible improvement in quantitative traits

Unlike to unlike mating
• Different geno & phenotypes
• Increased genetic instability

Important rules of dog breeding
• Phenotype resemblance ! prefer like to like mating

• Phenotype differences ! unlike to unlike mating

• Try to avoid common faults/defects
o Min parental generation must be free of defects

  • Fertile sire needed
  • Prepotency (ability to pass traits onto offspring) is desired
77
Q

Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups

A

> 500 dog breeds

Classification of dogs

1• Based on type & CONFORMATION
o Wolf, molosser & greyhound types

2• SIZE (height @ withers)
o Large >62cm
o Medium 42-62cm
o Small 25-41cm
o Dwarf/minature <25cm

3• COAT characteristics
o Smooth, rough, curly, wierehaird, long haired etc.

4• ABNORMALITIES/breed character
o Tail-torsion: Bulldog, pug, bobtail
o Chondrodysplasia: Basset hound, Dachshund, Welsh Corgi
o Alopecia: Mexican hairless, Chinese Crested Dog
o Brachycephaly: Pug, Mastiff, Boxer, Bulldog
o Dwarfism: Chihauha, Yorkshire Terrier
o Polydactyly: Briard dogs

5• USE

o PRIMITIVE breeds/spitz breeds
o COMPANION dogs &amp; toys
o HUNTING dogs
▪ General
▪ Gun dogs
▪ Scenthounds
▪ Windhounds (racing, coursing hounds)
▪ Dachshunds
▪ Terriers
o Livestock HERDING dogs (Drover’s dogs)
o Livestock GUARDING dogs
o Mastiffs &amp; WORKING BULL BREEDS
o FIGHTINGdogs

FCI – Federation Cynologique internationale
• Breeds standards organization
• Groups dogs into 10 categories based on country of origin, breed formation,
characteristics etc.

78
Q

Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups

Breed Group 1

A

Group 1 – Pastoral; Sheepdogs & Cattle dogs

• Australian shepherd dog (USA)
• Beauceron (France)
• Belgian shepherd dogs
o Laekenois
o Malinois
o Tervueren
• Bergamasco (Italy)
• Briard (France)
• Bouvier de Flanders (Belgium)
• Bearded collie (GB)
• Rough collie (GB)
• Border collie (GB)
• German shepherd
• Komondor (Hungary)
• Kuvasz (Hungary)
• Maremma sheepdog (Italy)
• Old English sheepdog (GB)
• Polish Lowland sheepdog
• Puli (Hungary)
• Schipperke (Belgium)
• Shetland sheepdog (GB)
• Welsh corgi cardigan/Pembroke (GB)
79
Q

Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups

Breed Group 2

A

Group 2 –
Pinschers, Shcnauzers, Mastiffs & Swiss Mountain & Cattle Dogs

  • Affenpinscher (Germany)
  • Bernese mountain dog
  • Boxer
  • Bulldog
  • Bullmastiff
  • Dobermann Pinscher
  • Dogue de Bordeaux
  • German Pinscher
  • Great Dane
  • Hovawart
  • Landseer
  • Mastiffs
  • Neopolitan mastiff
  • Newfoundland
  • Rottweiler
  • Schnauzer
  • Shar pei
  • St Bernard
80
Q

Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups

Breed Group 3

A

Group 3 - Terriers

  • Airedale
  • Australian terrier
  • Bedlington terrier
  • Bull terrier
  • Cairn terrier
  • English toy terrier
  • Fox terrier
  • Irish terrier
  • Jack russel
  • Lakeland terrier
  • Manchester terrier
  • Norfolk terrier
  • Russian black terrier
  • Scottish terrier
  • Skye terrier
  • Staffordshire bull terrier
  • West highland white terrier
  • Yorkshire terrier
81
Q

Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups

Breed Group 4

A

Group 4 – Dachshunds

• Miniature & standard

82
Q

Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups

Breed Group 5

A 
Group 5 – Primitive type dogs &amp; Spitz breeds
• Akita
• Basejni
• Chow chow
• Eurasier
• Finnish Lapphund
• German spitz
• Japanese spitz
• Mexican hairless dog
• Norwegian buhund
• Pomeranian
• Samoyed
• Siberian huskey
83
Q

Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups

Breed Group 6

A 
Group 6 – Scenthounds
• Basset hound
• Beagle
• Bloodhound
• Dalmation
• Grand bleu de Gascogne
• Hamiltonstovare
• Harrier
• Kerry beagle
• Otter hound
• Rhodeisan ridgeback
84
Q

Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups

Breed Group 7

A 
Group 7 – Pointers &amp; setters
• Brittany
• Munsterlander
• English setter
• Irish setter

• Pointer
o English & German

  • Viszla
  • Weimeraner
85
Q

Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups

Breed Group 8

A

Group 8 – Retrievers, Water dogs, flushing dogs
• Golden retriever
• Labrador retriever
• Spaniel breeds (springer, cocker)

86
Q

Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups

Breed Group 9

A 
Group 9 – Companions &amp; toys
• Bichon fries
• Bolognese
• Boston terrier
• Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
• Chihuahua
• Chinese crested dog
• French bulldog
• Lhasa apso
• Papillon
• Pekinese
• Poodle
• Pug
• Shih Tzu
87
Q

Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups

Breed Group 10

A 
Group 10 – Sight hounds, windhounds
• Afghan hounds
• Borzoi
• Deerhound
• Greyhound
• Irish wolfhound
• Italian greyhound
• Whipped
88
Q

Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups
Breed Groups
American Kennel Club (AKC)

A

American Kennel Club (AKC) separates breeds loosely on use
1• Herding dogs
o Collie, corgi, sheepdog etc

2• Working dogs

3• Sporting dogs
o Breeds used for shooting/hunting

4• Non-sporting dogs
o Varied collection of dogs with no specific purpose

5• Hounds
o Beagles, bloodhounds, dachshunds

6• Terriers

7• Toy dogs

8• Miscellaneous

89
Q

Topic 16 – Canine reproduction features

  1. Reproductive cycle of the bitch
A
  1. Reproductive cycle of the bitch
    • Seasonally mono-/dioestrus
• Long breeding cycle (4-11 months) with 4 phases
o Proestrus, 
o Oestrus, 
o Metoestrus/dioestrus (luteal phase), 
o Anoestrus
▪ Long luteal phase (~60 days)
▪ Long anoestrus

• Vaginal bleeding during heat
• Variable length of sexual reproductivity
• Preovulatory progesterone secretion
(elevated levels can be detected prior to ovulation)
• Spontaneous ovulation
• Pseudopregnancy & lactatio falsa occurs frequently in some breeds
• Fertilization occurs 3-4 days after ovulation
• Embryo ! uterus 8 days after ovulation
• Implantation occurs ~17-18days
• Gestation period 60-65 days
(relatively short with rapid embryonic & foetal development)

90
Q

Topic 16 – Canine reproduction features

2. Heat detection

A
  • Symptoms, behaviour, acceptance
  • Vaginal cytology
  • Vaginoscopy
  • Progesterone/LH measurements
  • Vaginoscopy, cytology (keratinisation)
91
Q

Topic 16 – Canine reproduction features

3. Common reproductive disorders

A
  • Vaginal prolapse
  • Vestibular hyperplasia during heat
  • Cytic hyperplasia of endometrium in prolonged heat
  • Pyometra (common in final phase of most reproductive disorders)
92
Q

Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases

SHORT

A
  1. Immunodeficiencies
  2. Circulatory/haemostatic disorders
  3. Metabolic diseases (lysosomal storage diseases)
  4. Muscular
  5. Skeletal
  6. Cranial disorders
  7. Eye diseases
  8. Kidney Dysplasia
  9. Reproductive disorder
  10. Endocrine
  11. Skin & hair
  12. MDR1 Multidrug sensitivity
93
Q

Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases

1. Immunodeficiencies

A

Immunodeficiencies:
1• CLAD (canine leukocyte adhesion deficiency)
o β-2-integrin gene mutation in IRISH SETTER

2• SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency)
o Agammaglobulinaemia in BASSET HOUND & WELSH CORGI

3• Membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis I
o Complement-3 mutation

4• Grey-Collie syndrome
o Cyclic haematopoesis & neutropaenia

94
Q

Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases

2.Circulatory/haemostatic disorders

A

Circulatory/haemostatic disorders

1• Methaemaglobinaemia
o Methaemaglobin reductase

2• Haemophilia A & B
o Coagulation factors VIII & IX

3• Haemolytic anaemia
a- o Pyruvate kinase
▪ WHWT, Basenji, Abyssinian & Somali cats

b- o Phosphofructokinase deficiency in RBC
▪ English Springer Spaniel

4• Von-Willebrand
o Pseudohaemophilia
▪ Dobermann, Poodle, Scottish Terrier, Sheltie (>50 breeds)

95
Q

Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases

  1. Metabolic diseases (lysosomal storage diseases)
A

Metabolic diseases (lysosomal storage diseases)
• Ceroid-lipofuscinosis (BORDER COLLIE)
• Fucosidosis (English springer spaniel)
• Gangliosidosis
• Mucopolysaccharidosis (german shepherd)
• Cystinuria (NEWFOUNDLAND)
• Copper toxicosis (BEDLINGTON terrier)

96
Q

Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases

  1. Muscular
A

Muscular
1• Spinal muscular atrophy, SMA

2• Muscular dystrophy
o Dystrophin gene mutation in RETRIVERS

3• Myasthenia gravis (cats)

4• Malignant hyperthermia syndrome, MHS (greyhounds

5• Tremor
o Hypomyelinogenesis, myoclonia, PLP-gene mutation,
proteolipidprotein deficiency (Labrador)

6• Myatonia congenital (miniature schnauzer)

7• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, HCM (Main coon cats)

97
Q

Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases

  1. Skeletal
A

Skeletal
1• Chondroplasia, hypochondroplasia, achondroplasia
o Basset hound, Dachshund ! Breed characteristic

2• Dwarfism

3• Legg-calve-perthes disease (hip necrosis)

4• Wobbler syndrome (ataxia, cervical spondilopathia)

5• Manx factor of cats (Manx cats & bobtails)

98
Q

Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases

6. Cranial disorders

A

Cranial disorders
1• Cerebellar degeneration & hypoplasia in cats

2• Epilepsy

3• Narcolepsy (Doberman)

4• Deafness ! In blue eye white dogs & cats

99
Q

Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases

7. Eye diseases

A

Eye diseases
1• Cataracts

2• Progressive renal atrophy, dystrophy & degeneration (PRA – Retina dysplasia)

3• Congenital stationary night blindness, CSNB (Briard)

100
Q

Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases

  1. Kidney Dysplasia
A

Kidney Dysplasia
1• Renal dysplasia, RL
2• Nephritis
3• Polycystic kidney disease (Persian cats)

101
Q

Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases

  1. Reproductive disorder
A

Reproductive disorder
1• XX males
2• Tfm-syndrome (testicular feminisation)
3• Sterility (Kartgener syndrome, ciliary diseases)

102
Q

Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases

  1. Endocrine
A

Endocrine

• Hypothyroidism

103
Q

Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases

  1. Skin & hair
A 
Skin &amp; hair
1• Albinism
2• Dermatosparaxis (cutaneous asthenia)
3• Epitheliogenesis imperfecta
4• Hypotrichosis (alopecia ! breed characteristic in Mexican &amp; Peruvian dogs &amp; Sphynx cats)
104
Q

Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases

  1. MDR1
A

MDR1 Multidrug sensitivity
• Extreme sensitivity, neural sensitivity & even death after administration of
some drugs

105
Q

Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases

Diagnosis of genetic diseases

A

1• Pedigree analysis

2• Test mating (for carrier diagonosis)

3• Phenotype screening

4• Lab diagnosis ! Biochem, metabolites, enzymes, haematology

5• Clinical ! X-rays, endoscopy, kidney clearance, ophthalmology, cardiology

6• Chromosome (karotype)

7• Molecular genetics (DNA)
o Available for approximately 20-25 canine disorders & 5 feline diseases
o May be direct gene (allele-specific) marker or linked indirect marker diagnosis
(DNA linkage test by microsatellites)

106
Q

Topic 18 – Basics of feline breeding
(goals, use, breeds, breeding methods)

Shorthair cats

A

Moggy: Domestic cat, non-pedigree
Cattery: Where cats are kept & bred
Pedigree: Line of descent of purebred cats

Shorthair cats
• British shorthair
• Colourpoint-british shorthair
• Exotic shorthair
• Oriental shorthair
• Havana
• American shorhair
• European shorthair
• Chartreux
• Manx
• Russian blue
• Japanese bobtail
• Snowshoe
• Siamese
• Burmese
• Burmilla
• Tonkinese
• Egyptian Mau
• Anyssinian
• Sphinx
• Bengal
107
Q

Topic 18 – Basics of feline breeding
(goals, use, breeds, breeding methods)

Longhair cats

A

Moggy: Domestic cat, non-pedigree
Cattery: Where cats are kept & bred
Pedigree: Line of descent of purebred cats

Longhaired cats
• Persian
• Colourpoint longhair
• Turkish angora
• Maine coon
• Norwegian forest cat
• Rag doll
• Birman
• Balinese
• Somali
• Tiffany
• Cymric
108
Q

Topic 19 – Feline reproduction features

A
  1. Puberty:
    - Female = 9 (6-12) months
    - Male = 12 (10-14) months
  2. Sexual activity:
    - Synchronous (seasonal)
    - Polyoestrus or
    - Continuous under artificial ILLUMINATION !
    = Dependent of PHOTOPERIOD
  3. Breeding season: Jan-July
  4. Alternate ovulatory cycle:
    - Anovulatory (14 days)
    - Ovulatory (35 days)
    Ovulation is mainly INDUCED.
  5. No of copulations may increase OVULATION rate & LITTER sizes
  6. Gestation = 63 (58-71) days
  7. PD = Palpation/sonography
  8. Litter size = 3-9 on average
  9. Lactation period: 50 days
109
Q

Topic 20 – Most important feline genetic diseases

A

1• Polycystic kidney disease (Persian cats)

2• Hypotrichosis
(alopecia ! breed characteristic in Mexican & Peruvian
dogs & Sphynx cats)

3• Deafness ! In blue eye white dogs & cats

4• Cerebellar degeneration & hypoplasia in cats

5• Manx factor of cats (Manx cats & bobtails)

6• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, HCM (Main coon cats)

7• Myasthenia gravis (cats)

8• Haemolytic anaemia
o Pyruvate kinase
▪ Abyssinian & Somali cats

ANIMAL BREEDING (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions