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ANIMAL BREEDING > III. Pig and Poultry Breeding > Flashcards

III. Pig and Poultry Breeding Flashcards

1
Q

Topic 1 – Origin and domestication of swine, micro-evolutionary
consequences: importance of pork production in human nutrition

Origin and domestication of swine

A 
Phylum: Chordata
Class:  Mammalia
Order: Arydactyla
Family:  Suidae
Genus: Sus
Species
• S. Scrofa (wild boar)
o S. scrofa domesticus 
– Domesticated pig
o Sus scrofa scrofa – Western Africa
o Sus scrofa ussuricus (north Asia & Japan)
o Sus scrofa cristatus (Asia minor & India)
o Sus scrofa vittatus

DOMESTICATION
- Domesticated ~5000BC in Near East/China & Mediterranean region

  • FERAL pigs: Dedomesticated pigs
    Can cause substantial environmental damage (omnivorous diet, aggressive behaviour, rooting ! Damage to ecosystem)
  • On list of world’s 100 most invasive species
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2
Q

Topic 1 – Origin and domestication of swine, micro-evolutionary
consequences: importance of pork production in human nutrition

Micro-evolutionary consequences

A

Consequences of domestication (microevolutionary changes)

1.Ears
• Wild boar: Upright
• Pig: Many breeds have drooping (lop) ears

  1. Conformation

a• Wild boar: Compact body, long narrow head & snout, long legs, short
straight tail. Males have TUSKS.

b• Pig: Snout, small eyes, small tail – may be curly, kinked or straight, thick body, short legs

  1. Coat
    a• Wild boar: Thick, short, bristled coat ranging in colour from brown & grey to black. Usually consists of stiff bristles & a finer fur. A prominent ridge of hair along the spine is also common (‘ridgeback’)

b• Pig: Great variation in colours & markings (usually breed specific)

  1. Colour

b• Pigs are more commonly white
(large no of ‘maternal breed’ animals)

5. Size
• Great variation
a• Boars: 
- Fully grown female (~5yrs) 135cm long; 
- 55-70kg
- Adult males 140-150cm long; 80-90kg
  1. Behaviour & feeding habits
    • Usually nocturnal –> Forage from dusk to dawn with resting periods during both night & day
    • Omnivorous (will eat almost anything)

a• Boars: Only known hoofed animal known to dig burrows –>Only mammal known to lack BROWN ADIPOSE tissue so must protect themselves from cold. Also NO SWEAT GLAND

• In captivity, pigs may eat their young if severely stressed

  1. Puberty
    • Wild: Late maturation ~18months
    • Pig: Early maturation ~5-6 months
  2. Sexual activity
    • Wild: Seasonally monooestrus
    • Pig: Polyoustrus, no breeding season (continuous breeder)
  3. Fertility & litter size
    • Wild: 4-6 piglets per litter
    • Pig: Bred for fertility & litter size –> 8-12 piglets per litter with some ‘vittatus’ breeds being even more prolific
  4. Sensory organs
    • Wild: Well-developed
    • Pig: Vision is less effective
    • Both have excellent sense of smell
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3
Q

Topic 1 – Origin and domestication of swine, micro-evolutionary
consequences: importance of pork production in human nutrition

TERMINOLOGY

A

Basic Terminology

Boar: Adult male
Sow: Mature female
Gilt: Immature female
Piglet/farrow: Young animals
Shoat: Yong pig between 50-90kg
Barrow: Castrated male pig 
(hog – in its original meaning)
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4
Q

Topic 1 – Origin and domestication of swine, micro-evolutionary
consequences: importance of pork production in human nutrition

Use of pigs

A

Use of pigs
1• Food
2• Leather, brushes

3• MEDICINE
o Biomedical research
▪ Dwarf pig breeds are commonly used as models
o Transplants – Full genome of pig has been matched. Organs are of similar size to those in humans
o Insulin production (in the past)

4• Foraging (truffle hunting) ! Excellent sense of smell

  • Domestic pigs are commonly raised by farmers as livestock for meat !
  • Pork accounts for ~38% of daily meat protein intake worldwide
  • Increased urbanization in China has led to a rapid rise in pork consumption
  • Judaism (Kosher/Kashrut) & Islam ! Consumption of pork is forbidden
    (‘unclean’ animal)
  • BACON: Any cut(s) of meat taken from the sides, belly or back of a pig that
    may be cured/smoked
  • HAM: Thigh & rump of pork (haunch)
  • LARD: Pig fat (rendered & unrendered forms). –> Commonly used in soap manufacturing
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5
Q

Topic 2 – Most important traits of pig production (prolificacy, fattening
ability, carcass quality, meat/fat properties, SEUROP qualification system),
breeding value estimation and selection of sows and boars

A

`?

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6
Q 
Topic 3 – Classification of swine breeds, types, the main aspects of judging
swine conformation (and type)

Classification of swine breeds, types
Maternal/Paternal

A
  1. LARGE WHITE pig breeds (of Yorkshire origin) &
  2. LANDRACES (local breeds of Large White origin) !

= Universal breeds used mainly in meat production!

  1. Maternal breeds: Prolific
    Excellent nursing abilities
    Good growth & gain
    Good meat quality
4. Paternal breeds: 
Excellent growth & gain
Well muscled (‘four ham’ pigs)
Lower fertility than maternal breeds
May be susceptible to stress sensitivity (MHS)
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7
Q 
Topic 3 – Classification of swine breeds, types, the main aspects of judging
swine conformation (and type)
main aspects of judging
swine conformation (and type)
A

Approx 600 pig breeds worldwide, classified based on:

  1. Skin & Hair colour,
  2. Ear form & position (erect/drooping) and 3. Type (ham, bacon, pork, lard)

Eg.:
1. Solid white with erect (upright) ears
= Large White, Yorkshire

  1. Solid white with drooping ears
    = Landrace
  2. Solid black with drooping ears
    = Large black
  3. Solid red with drooping ears
    = Tamworth, Duroc
  4. Spotted, white with erect ears
    = Pietrain
  5. Black & white belted with erect ears
    = Hampshire
  6. Black & white markings, erect ears
    = Poland China
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8
Q

Determine which PIG!!

Solid white with erect (upright) ears

A

= Large White, Yorkshire

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9
Q

Determine which PIG!!

Solid white with drooping ears

A

= Landrace

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10
Q

Determine which PIG!!

Solid black with drooping ears

A

= Large black

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11
Q

Determine which PIG!!

Solid red with drooping ears

A

= Tamworth, Duroc

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12
Q

Determine which PIG!!

Spotted, white with erect ears

A

= Pietrain

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13
Q

Determine which PIG!!

Black & white belted with erect ears

A

= Hampshire

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14
Q

Determine which PIG!!

Black & white markings, erect ears

A

= Poland China

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15
Q

Topic 4 – The Yorkshire (the large white) breed group of swine

A 
MATERNAL BREEDS
Yorkshire = English Large White
• White
• Erect ears
• Most recorded swine breed in US
• Developed in Yorkshire ~1760
  • Modern Yorkshire is MUSCULAR with a HIGH proportion of LEAN meat
  • Excellent production traits:
  • Growth,
  • sow productivity,
  • prolificacy,
  • maternal characters,
  • backfat formation
Large White (GB)
• Good growth & gain
• Medium-long body
• Erect ears
• White skin & hair
• Suitable as maternal line for crossing & hybridization
• Stress-resistant
• High fertility
• Good meat quality
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16
Q

Topic 5 – The Landrace breed group of pigs

A

MATERNAL BREEDS

1. Danish Landrace
• Medium-large breed
• White
• Long bodies, long snouts
• DROOPING ears
• Bred for pork production
• Production & quality testing is a regular part of Danish swine improvement
programs 
--> Denmark is chief bacon-exporting country (initially Denmark refused to export purebred Landrace stock for this reason)
2. Landraces (EU)
• There are many Landrace breeds & types in different countries
- Swedish, 
- Finnish, 
- Dutch, 
- German, 
- French, 
- Hungarian, 
- American
  • Rapid growth & gain
  • Long bodied
  • Drooping ears
  • White skin
  • Well-developed production traits

o FERTILE & PROLIFIC
(suitable as maternal lines for crossing)
• Mainly BACON type
• Majority resistant to STRESS (MHS-test –ve)

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17
Q

Topic 6 – The colour pig breeds

(Pietrain, Duroc, Hampshire)

A

PATERNAL BREEDS

  1. Pietrain (B)
  2. Duroc (USA)
  3. Hampshire (developed USA)
  4. Tamworth (Sandy Back, Tam)
  5. Poland China (USA)
  6. Berkshire (GB)
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18
Q

Topic 6 – The colour pig breeds

Pietrain (B)

A
  • Excellent meat producer
  • Synthetic breed from Large White, French breeds & Berkshire
  • Medium-Large sized
  • Deep bodied
  • Short, upright ears
  • White with black/brown spots
  • Excellent dressing %
  • Pronounced HAMS (4 ham pigs)
  • Excellent feed conversion
  • LOWER fertility
  • Suitable as paternal line for crossing & hybridization

• Stress-SENSITIVE
(although modern testing means stress-resistant sows & boars are available)

  • Boars: 80-85cm @ withers, 300-330kg
  • Sows: 75-80cm @ withers, 250-280kg
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19
Q

Topic 6 – The colour pig breeds

2. Duroc (USA)

A

Duroc (USA)

  • Older breed of American domestic breed that forms basis for many mixed breed commercial hogs
  • Red, solid coloured
  • Large frame & size
  • Deep bodied
  • Concave backline
  • Muscular
  • Partially drooping ears
  • Profile of head is often convex
  • Good fertility
  • Rapid growth & gain
  • Good meat production
  • Stress RESISTANT

• Expressed marbling (IM fat >2%)
–> Excellent meat quality

  • Used as maternal line for F1 sows or paternal line in two-breed crosses
  • Tend to be most AGGRESSIVE of swine breeds
  • Boars: 90-95cm @ withers, body mass 320-350 kg
  • Sows: 85-90cm @ withers, body mass 250-280kg
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20
Q

Topic 6 – The colour pig breeds

  1. Hampshire (developed USA)
A

Hampshire (developed USA)

• Black body with white belt around middle, with white shoulders & FL

• ERECT EARS
• Long head with convex profile
• Well-muscled, rapid grower
(faster than Yorkshire)

  • Good meat quality & high dressing percentage
  • Medium gain, good feed efficiency
  • Moderate fertility
  • Paternal type & production of F1 boars
  • Good capacity as mothers (longevity)

• Hampshire Factor
o AD, proteinkinase mutation
▪ Strong decrease in pH (<5.4) in muscle tissue 24hrs after slaughtering
–> RSE (red, soft exudative) meat

  • Boars: 90-95cm @ withers, 300-330kg
  • Sows: 85-90cm @ withers, 250-280kg
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21
Q

Topic 6 – The colour pig breeds

  1. Tamworth (Sandy Back, Tam)
A

Tamworth (Sandy Back, Tam)
• Among OLDEST pig breeds
• Long narrow body, elongated head

  • ERECT, pointed ears
  • Colour ranges from pale ginger to dark mahogany red
• Medium sized
o Boar: 250-370kg
o Sow: 200-300kg
o 1.0-1.4m long
o 5-65cm high @ withers
  • Fairly muscular hams
  • Excellent choice for CROSSBREEDING
  • LITTER sizes are generally SMALLER than commercial breeds
  • Bacon pig –> Produces high body mass without much fat
  • Hardy
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22
Q

Topic 6 – The colour pig breeds

  1. Poland China (USA)
A

Poland China (USA)

• Known for LARGE size
(‘Big Bill’ ! Largest pig recorded was a Poland China)

  • OLDEST American pig breed
  • Black with white patches
  • Derives from Berkshire & Hampshire
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23
Q

Topic 6 – The colour pig breeds

  1. Berkshire (GB)
A 
Berkshire (GB)
• BRITTAIN´s OLDEST pig
• Early-maturing
• Black with white legs, faces &amp; tips of tail
• Dished snouts
• Fairly large, ERECT ears
• Fine, wrinkle-free necks
• Sloping shoulders
• Short straight legs
• Straight underline
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24
Q

Topic 7 – Importance of Asian and other local swine breeds

Asian breeds

A 
1. MEISHAN (pug face)
• Chinese breed
• Colourful pot bellied breed
• Concave backline
• Fat

• MOST prolific breed
–> Litters up to 20 (many teats)
o Prolificacy genes (oestrogen & prolactin receptors) were identified

  • Soft meat
  • High perinatal losses of piglets
  1. VIETNAMESE POT BELLIED

• SMALL breed
o Size of medium/large breed dog (30-140kg)

  • UPRIGHT ears, straight tail
  • Fat rolls over eyes/belly touching ground ! Pig is overweight
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25
Q

Topic 7 – Importance of Asian and other local swine breeds

Unusual/endangered/local breeds

A 
Large Black (Cornwall, GB)
Wessex Saddleback/Wessex
Bentheim Black Pied/Buntes Bentheimer Schwein (D)
Mulefoot
Black Iberian/Iberico
Mangalitsa (H)
Kune kune (NZ)
Gottinger minipig
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26
Q

Topic 7 – Importance of Asian and other local swine breeds

Unusual/endangered/local breeds

Large Black (Cornwall, GB)

A
  • Medium-sized, long body
  • Solid black (only wholly-black British pig)
  • V. popular in 19th century, endangered breed nowadays
  • Large litter (8-10)
  • Boar: 80-85cm, 270-300kg
  • Sow: 75-80cm, 250kg
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27
Q

Topic 7 – Importance of Asian and other local swine breeds

Unusual/endangered/local breeds

Bentheim Black Pied/
Buntes Bentheimer Schwein (D)

A
  • Rare breed
  • Medium sized, lop eared
  • White with black spots
  • Boars: 75cm, 250kg
  • Sows: 70cm, 180kg
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28
Q

Topic 7 – Importance of Asian and other local swine breeds

Unusual/endangered/local breeds

Wessex Saddleback/Wessex
Mulefoot

A
  1. Wessex Saddleback/Wessex
    • Black with white band around forequarters
    • Tall, rangy animal adapted to foraging in woodland (New Forest)
  2. Mulefoot
    • Breed of domestic pig with solid,
    non-cloven hooves (reminiscent of mule)
    • Typically black, may have white spots
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29
Q

Topic 7 – Importance of Asian and other local swine breeds

Unusual/endangered/local breeds

Black Iberian/Iberico

A
  • Spain –> Jamon iberico
  • Great ability to accumulate subcut fat & marbling
  • Dark in colour (black, grey)
  • Little or no hair
  • Lean body
  • Pata negra (black hoof)-> Common name
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30
Q

Topic 7 – Importance of Asian and other local swine breeds

Unusual/endangered/local breeds

Mangalitsa (H)

A 
• Fat-type hog breed
• Medium body size
• Fine but strong skeleton
• Low fertility, late maturity ! 5-6 piglets
• Endangered
• Used in organic farming
• ‘Pure bred’ Mangalitsa
o Blond mangalica
o Swallow-bellied mangalica
o Red mangalica
• Slaughtered ~150-200kg
• Adult weights
o Boar: 330-350kg
o Sow: 270-300kg
31
Q

Topic 7 – Importance of Asian and other local swine breeds

Unusual/endangered/local breeds

Kune kune (NZ)
Gottinger minipig
A
  1. Kune kune (NZ)
    • Small, round-shaped pig
    • Pet
  2. Gottinger minipig
    • Miniature pig used in labs or kept as pets
32
Q

Topic 8 – Breeding methods and practical mating systems in swine breeding:
continuous and discontinuous crossings and hybridisation

Mating methods - Breeding selections

  1. PURE
A
  1. Harem: Group of sows/gilts & one boar
  2. Stud/hand mating: Individual mating
  3. AI: V. common in pig breeding using locally produced, fresh, diluted semen.

Sex ratio
• Natural mating = 1:60/70
• AI (single diluted ejaculation) = 1:10-15

  1. Pure-breeding with selection
    Selective breeding & breed improvement, maintenance of purebred (pedigree)
    breeds

• Inbreeding
o Animals are more closely related than population average
o Increases homozygosis & uniformity
o Decreases genetic variability

• Preserving pure breeds
o Gene &amp; breed conservation
o Pure breeding without close inbreeding
o Maintenance of variability &amp; regular selection to preserve breed for
future
33
Q

Topic 8 – Breeding methods and practical mating systems in swine breeding:
continuous and discontinuous crossings and hybridisation

Mating methods - Breeding selections

  1. CROSS
A

Cross breeding
Results of crossbreeding are influenced by heterosis & recombination effects

• GRADING UP
o Rarely used
o Replacement of local breeds with more productive ones
o Mating with purebred, high yielding sire of another breed for a number of subsequent generations

• BREED IMPROVEMENT (introgression)
o Preserving valuable breed characteristics
o Only single crossing used to introduce new genetics –> Gene immigration

• NEW BREED FORMATION
o Combination of different, valuable breed characteristics to establish
a new synthetic breed
o Utilizes heterosis

• TERMINAL CROSSING
(discontinous pig breed hybridization)
o Combination of breeds to optimize meat production
o Complimentary additive gene effects & non-additive recombination
effects of performance
▪ Uses full maternal & paternal profit-heterosis
o Often uses crossing of top boars with sows of different breeds
• Rotational crossing (continuous pig breed hybridization)
o Males of 2+ pig breeds are used in sequence on a crossbred female
population
o Results in loss of breed uniformity

34
Q

Topic 8 – Breeding methods and practical mating systems in swine breeding:
continuous and discontinuous crossings and hybridisation

Performance testing & selection

A
  1. Performance testing: Station or field testing
    Individual performance of sows
    • Weight gain up to 85-95kg
    • Fleshing (sonography – fat & muscle measurements)
    • Conformation traits (muscling, teat number)
2. Individual performance of boars
• Weight gain, fleshing (sonography)
• Conformational traits (testicle circumference, fertility, semen quality)
• Health traits
• Hereditary disorders
• Test matings
  1. Full sib, half sib & progeny testing
    • Gain & carcass merits
  2. Breeding value estimate for selection of breeding boars & gilts
    • Own performance
    • BLUP using breeding value of parents & full grown sibs & half sibs
  3. Selection of breeding boars for AI
    • Maternal performance, conformation scores, MHS-test –ve
    • Fertility tests (min 1500 first AI)
    • Test-mating for genetic defects ! -ve results
    • Progeny testing (rate of gain & carcass merit)
    • BLUP based on progeny testing
35
Q

Topic 9 – Reproduction features and traits of swine, raising piglets

General

A

Puberty @ 5-7 months
Breeding maturity
• Age @ 1st breeding >8-9months or 90-100kg body mass
o Varies greatly depending on breed, sex & nutrition
• Age @ 1st farrowing ~12-14 months
• Genital development & maturity is more important than weight

36
Q

Topic 9 – Reproduction features and traits of swine, raising piglets

Main reproduction features

A

• Early puberty
• Pluripary – Wide range in litter size
• Continuous nreeding
• 1st heat often silent (~5-6 months)
Negative correlation between intensive feeding & rapid weight gain (STH) &
sexual development (FSH, LH)
Pheramonal effects & biostimulation are important

37
Q

Topic 9 – Reproduction features and traits of swine, raising piglets

Ovarian cycle

A

• 18-23 days
• Biphashic – follicular & luteal phase
• Polyovulation
o 15-20 eggs
(embryonic & perinatal losses may be up to 10-30%)
o Spontaneous
• Frequent disorders
o Anovulatory cycles, delayed ovulation, persistence of follicles,
ovarian cysts

38
Q

Topic 9 – Reproduction features and traits of swine, raising piglets

Heat

A

Heat
• Lasts 2-3 days
• External symptoms
o Restlessness, swollen genitals, mucous discharge, frequent urination, mounting other sows
• Immobilization/back pressure test ! Heat detection
• Mating/insemination is performed prior to or around ovulation (2x in 24hrs)

39
Q

Topic 9 – Reproduction features and traits of swine, raising piglets

Gestation

A

Gestation
• Short, 114 days
• Maintained by pPL (porcine placental lactogen)
• Frequent foetal atrophy (natural embryonic selection)
• Sensitivity to stressors
• PD
o Rectal palpation, sonography, hormonal methods (oestrogensulphate in blood)

Weaning may be early or late (commonly ~25-42 days)
Heat occurs ~7days after weaning ! rebreeding of sow

40
Q

Topic 9 – Reproduction features and traits of swine, raising piglets

Hereditary & environmental factors influencing production & litter size

A

Hereditary & environmental factors influencing production & litter size

• Hereditary
o Genetic basis for prolificacy (Meishan)
o Oestrogen & prolactin receptor

• Environmental
o Feeding
▪ Flushing may increase fertility (weaning + flushing = heat
within 10 day period)

• Hormonal factors can be used to regulate or stimulate sexual functions

41
Q

Topic 9 – Reproduction features and traits of swine, raising piglets

Causes of foetal atrophy

A

Causes of foetal atrophy
• Hereditary, chromosomal abnormalities, lethal factors, overcrowding,
limited uterine surface for foetal nutrition, incomplete nutrition during
gestation, owerweight animals,

42
Q

Topic 10 – Most important porcine genetic diseases (PSS, MHS, PSE)

A

Monogenes –> Diagnosis is partly possible (PCR-RFLP)

  • Muscular
  • Metabolic
  • Bones & Other
43
Q

Topic 10 – Most important porcine genetic diseases (PSS, MHS, PSE)

  • Muscular
A

Muscular
1• Porcine stress syndrome, PSS
o Detected by halothane test
o Autosomal recessive

2• Progressive myopathy (lameness of piglets)

3• Tremor type III (myoclonia, frequent muscle tremor of piglets)

4• Resistance to oedema disease
o Neonatal diarrhoea

44
Q

Topic 10 – Most important porcine genetic diseases (PSS, MHS, PSE)

  • Metabolic
A

Metabolic!!

1• Porphyria
o Rare, congenital, AR

2• Haemophilia A

3• Pseudohaemophilia/Von Willebrand

4• Obesity genes
o Leptin –> Obesity, hyperphagia
o Myogenia –> Adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP4)
o H-FABP ! Heart fatty acid binding protein
o Hypercholesterolaemia

5• Gangliosidosis II

45
Q

Topic 10 – Most important porcine genetic diseases (PSS, MHS, PSE)

  • Bones & Other
A

Bones & other
1• Vit D resistant rickets

2• Arthrogiposis, apoda

3• Dwarfism

4• Intersexes (XX males)

5• Skin & hair colour
o Dominant white

46
Q

Topic 11 – Technology of swine production (modern, large unit, traditional, alternative)

Intensive pig farming

A

INTENSIVE PIG FARMING

  • Piggeries/hog lots: Factory farms specialized in raising pigs up to slaughter weight.
  • Grower/fattener pigs are housed indoors (group housing)
  • Pregnant sows are confined to stalls (gestation crates) & give birth in farrowing crates
  • Generally large, industrial type warehouses with specialized ventilation, heating & lighting systems
  • Piglets may be sobjected to a range of treatments
    (tail docking, teeth clipping, castration etc.)
47
Q

Topic 11 – Technology of swine production (modern, large unit, traditional, alternative)

Alternative free range methods

A

ALTERNATIVE FREE RANGE METHODS

  • Many industry experts advocate intensive swine farming.

+ Advantage of outdoor farming systems:
• Animal friendly
– animal can express natural behaviour

  • Disadvantage
    • Usually less economically productive
    • Environmental impacts
    • Increased incidence of worms, parasites)
    • Successful management depends on local conditions & availability of skilled staff
  • Pink skinned breeds are often suited for outdoor agricultural methods –> sunburn, heat stress
48
Q

Topic 12 – Origin and domestication of different poultry species, microevolutionary consequences, importance of meat and egg production of
different poultry species in human nutrition

Domestication of bird species

A

DOMESTICATION of BIRDPECIES

  • Chicken:
    From red jungle fowl in India ~2500BC, & China ~5400BC
  • Turkey: From wild turkey in Mexico ~1000BC
  • Duck: From mallard duck in Asia (China) ~2500BC
  • Muscovy Duck: Columbia & Peru ~700BC
  • Goose: Greylag goose & Swan goose in Asia, Egypt & Europe
  • Pigeon: From rocky doves of Mediterranean & North African region
  • Quail: From Japanese wild quail ~11th century in Japan, China & Korea
  • Ostrich: From wild forms
  • Guinea fowl: Originated in Africa, domesticated in Greek civilization
  • Pea fowl: Wild forms in India
  • Swan: From wild swan in India
  • Pheasant: Originated in Asia. Captive in Greek civilization ~1300BC
49
Q

Topic 12 – Origin and domestication of different poultry species, microevolutionary consequences, importance of meat and egg production of
different poultry species in human nutrition

Chickens

A

Chickens (Gallus gallus/G. gallus domesticus)

  • Chickens outnumber humans 2.5:1 with a population of ~17billion worldwide.
  • Kept primarily as a food source –> Meat & eggs are consumedChickens (Gallus gallus/G. gallus domesticus)
50
Q

Topic 12 – Origin and domestication of different poultry species, microevolutionary consequences, importance of meat and egg production of
different poultry species in human nutrition

Consequences of domestication

A

Consequences of domestication
• Increased size & weight
• Different plumage types & colours/patterns
• Breast hypertrophy & changes to limb musculature
• Fat deposition (ducks & geese)
• Brain size
• Behavioural changes
• Fertility, prolificacy
o Non-broodiness, egg production, egg number

  • Cock: Adult male (roosters in US)
  • Cockrel: Young male (<1yr)
  • Capon: Castrated male
  • Hen: Adult female (>1 year)
  • Pullet: Female <1yr
  • Chick: Young (baby) bird
51
Q

Topic 13 – Main reproduction features of poultry species, puberty, breeding maturity, most common genetic diseases

A
  • Hens lay one egg every day or two & under natural conditions will only lay until a clutch is complete.
  • Brooding: Incubation & protection of a clutch of eggs.
  • Maintenance of nest temp & humidity by mother hen
52
Q

Topic 14 – The layer hen type (breeding goal, use, breeds, traits, breeding methods and hybrids)

A

Specialized laying breeds may produce up to 300 eggs per year

Laying ability begins to decline after 12 months, when hens are slaughtered and used in baby food, pet food, pies etc.

53
Q

Topic 14 – The layer hen type (breeding goal, use, breeds, traits, breeding methods and hybrids)

Egg production traits (laying traits)

A

• Puberty, laying maturity
o Early sexual maturity

• Laying performance, egg production
o Good rate of laying, h2 = 0.15-0.25
o Relative egg production
o Absolute egg production (>300 = excellent layer)

• 1st year production
o Forms basis of determining egg-laying ability
o Size of egg increases in 2nd year but no decreases

• Performance test (btw days 141-504)

• Intensity of laying
o Clutch size
o Breed specific
o Larger intensity = longer egg laying period without interval

• Feed conversion efficiency

• Egg quality
o Weight
o Size
o Interior egg quality
o Shell quality

• Broodiness
o Non-broodiness is desirable & broodiness is selected against

54
Q

Topic 14 – The layer hen type (breeding goal, use, breeds, traits, breeding methods and hybrids)

Breeder eggs

A
  • Fertility
  • Hatchability rate (should be >90%)
  • Sex ratio
  • Incubation period
  • Chick weight at hatching
  • Adult body weight
55
Q

Topic 14 – The layer hen type (breeding goal, use, breeds, traits, breeding methods and hybrids)

Breeding programs for layer hybrids

A

Crossing of inbred lines within the same breed is rare ! Only in fowl breeding (2/3 way crossings)

Test crossings –> Only lines for best combinations are selective bred for future hybrids, others are culled

Recurrent reciprocal selection, RRS
• Optimal combination of lines
• Heterosis effect
• Reciprocity
o Both paternal &amp; maternal lines are tested for optimal combining
ability

Laying breeds

56
Q

Topic 15 – Broiler chicken (breeding goal, use, breeds, traits, breeding methods and hybrids)

A
  • Meat production traits of broilers
    • Body weight & growth
    o Gain

• Feed efficiency

• Dressing percentage (65-70%)
o Breast, thigh, drumstick

  • Meat quality (white:dark meat ratio)
  • Mortality rates
  • Vitality

• Behaviour problems
o Cannibalism
(can be prevented by beak trimming & light programs)
o Feather eating

  • Breeding programs for broiler hybrids
    3 way crossings: Maternal line = cross bred (synthetic line)
    Paternal line = purebred
    4 way crossing: Both maternal & paternal lines are crossbred
    Most of the world’s commercial broilers are four way crosses
    Performance testing (broilers & layers) is performed by Random Sample Tests of eggs
57
Q

Topic 16 – Poultry production systems and technologies (large unit, traditional, alternative, get-away)

Broiler production
Single phase system in large units (litter houses)

A

Breeding egg (60g) –> day old chicks –> Broilers –> Slaughter weight ~2kg

Single phase system in large units (litter houses)
• Vertical integration or contractual arrangements
• Broilers are ready in 5-6 weeks

• Controlled environment
o Temperature
o Humidity
o Ventilation
o Lighting
▪ Intermittent, alternating lighting systems
▪ Decreases near to slaughtering
o Automatic feeders/water troughs
58
Q

Topic 16 – Poultry production systems and technologies (large unit, traditional, alternative, get-away)

Commercial (industrial) egg production

A

Commercial (industrial) egg production
• 60g egg ! day old pullets –> laying hens (22wks)

• Two phase system
1o Rearing phase
▪ Brooding
▪ Pullets up to 6wks of age
2o Laying phase
▪ Production of commercial eggs
▪ Housing of laying pullets from 18th week, laying begins at
22nd week
59
Q

Topic 16 – Poultry production systems and technologies (large unit, traditional, alternative, get-away)

Battery chickens

A 
Battery chickens = intensive mass production (factory farming)
• Concerns
o Excessive use of antibiotics
o Arsenic
o Growth &amp; steroid hormones
o E. coli
o Salmonella
o Avian influenza
o Welfare
60
Q

Topic 17 – Breeding turkey (breeding goal, use, breeds, traits, breeding methods and hybrids)

General + short

A

Breeding goal: Meat production for human consumption
Breeding –> Egg production for hatcheries

Wild turkeys have been released into the wild as game birds.
Sexual dimorphism is typical & has increased due to domestication

  • Reproductive traits
  • Productive trait
  • Breeding & mating systems
  • Production systems
  • Breeds & hybrids
61
Q

Topic 17 – Breeding turkey (breeding goal, use, breeds, traits, breeding methods and hybrids)

  • Reproductive traits
A

Reproductive traits

• Puberty, laying & breeding maturity
o Hens 16 weeks
▪ Start of laying 34 weeks
o Males 24-26 weeks

  • Egg weight ~75-85g
  • Duration of laying period = 20 weeks
  • Incubation time = 28 days
  • Sex ratio: 1 tom:10 hens
62
Q

Topic 17 – Breeding turkey (breeding goal, use, breeds, traits, breeding methods and hybrids)

  • Productive trait
A

Productive traits

• Excellent growth up to 24 weeks

• Feed efficiency & conversion
o 0-14 wks = 2.3-2.4 kg/kg
o 14-24 wks = 3-3.4 kg/kg

• Dressing percentage ~75-82%

• Fattening period
o Females 14-16 weeks
o Males 22-26 weeks

Easily frightened animals –> Frequently run away in stress
–>Injuries & high poult losses in large units

Mortality rate ~5-7%

Beak trimming is common practice

63
Q

Topic 17 – Breeding turkey (breeding goal, use, breeds, traits, breeding methods and hybrids)

Breeding & mating systems

A

Breeding & mating systems

  • Similar methods to chickens
  • AI is frequently practiced because of expressed sexual dimorphism & to prevent mating injuries
    –> Broad-breasted turkeys (white or bronze) require AI to
    reproduce as meaty breast is an obstacle for natural mating
64
Q

Topic 17 – Breeding turkey (breeding goal, use, breeds, traits, breeding methods and hybrids)

Production systems

A

Production systems

Intensive (large unit) systems
• Broiler/baby poult production
• Fattening young hens
• Giants (males)
• Single/two phase system in floor or litter houses

Semi-intensive
Free range/organic ! Traditional for bronze turkeys
Breeder turkeys: 6 month laying period
Controlled light program

65
Q

Topic 17 – Breeding turkey (breeding goal, use, breeds, traits, breeding methods and hybrids)

Breeds & hybrids

A

Breeds & hybrids

  1. Bronze turkey
    • Broad breasted – Requires AI; commercially used
    • Unimproved – Natural mating; small scale production
    • Calmer & easier to handle than white turkey
    • Female: 12kg
    • Males: 15kg
    • Egg production: 40-50 (broad breasted up to 70)
  2. White turkey (broad breasted)
  3. White Beltsville (USA)
    • Adult up to 8kg
    • 100-120 eggs (maternal lines)
  4. Empire white (GB)
    • Female up to 8kg, male up to 14kg
    • 70-100 eggs
  5. Black turkey (EU)
    • Smaller in size but considered to be of highest table quality
  6. Hybrid BUT
    • Medium sized British hybrids
66
Q

Topic 18 – Breeding goose (breeding goal, use, breeds, traits, breeding
methods and hybrids)

SHORT

A
  • Domestication
  • Use (breeding goal)
  • Breeds & hybrids
67
Q

Topic 18 – Breeding goose (breeding goal, use, breeds, traits, breeding
methods and hybrids)
Domestication

A

~2500-3000BC

  • Few changes due to domestication
    (fatty deposition, plumage colour, egg production)
  • Genetic pollution between domestic & wild breeds is common
68
Q

Topic 18 – Breeding goose (breeding goal, use, breeds, traits, breeding
methods and hybrids)

Use (breeding goal)

A 
Use (breeding goals)
• Meat
• Liver ! Fois grois
• Fat
• Feathers (goose down)
• Eggs
69
Q

Topic 18 – Breeding goose (breeding goal, use, breeds, traits, breeding
methods and hybrids)

Breeds & hybrids

A

Breeds & hybrids

1• Layers
o Italian goose
o Bohemian (Czech) foose
o Rhenish goose
o Swan neck goose
2• Meat
o Emden
o Grey Pomeranian
o Pilgrim
o Diepholz goose
3• Liver (fatty liver)
o Toulouse
o Grey goose (Landes)
o Easter cygnoides (knobbed) breeds
o African goose

4• Feathers

5• Other breeds
o Egyptian geese
o Hungarian improved goose

6• Hybrids
o Lippetisch (Leipzig)
o Gourmand

70
Q

Topic 19 – Breeding ducks (breeding goal, use, species, breeds, traits, breeding methods and hybrids)

A

Domestication
Production & reproduction traits
Breeding & mating systems

Production systems
• Extensive
• Semi-intensive
• Intensive

Breeds & hybrids
1• Layer breeds
o Runner ducks
o Khaki Campbell

2• Meat breeds
o Peking duck
o Aylesbury duck
o Rouen duck

3• Other
o Buff Orpington duck
o Pomeranian duck
o Crested white ducks
o Cayuga duck
o Muscovy duck

4• Hybrids

71
Q

Topic 20 – Breeding pigeon

Domestication changes

A

Rock dove/rock pigeon
= Wild progenitor of domestic pigeons. World’s oldest domesticated bird.

Domestication changes
• Behaviour
• Morphology
• High biodiversity
• Different flying abilities 
– Tumblers, high fliers, rollers etc.
72
Q

Topic 20 – Breeding pigeon

Uses

A 
Uses
• Commercial (meat production) or hobby (sport/show/ornamental)
• Food (squab)
• Exhibition breeds (fancy pigeon)
o Duchess, fantail etc.
• Flying/sporting pigeons
o Homing pigeons
o Pigeon racing
o Shooting (wood pigeon)
• Experimentation
73
Q

Topic 20 – Breeding pigeon

Breeding

A

Breeding
• Monogamy. Forced pairing is possible.
• Replacement of crop milk by artificial replacer.
• Prolificacy & conformational traits are of importance.
• Cross breeding is used in meat production hybrid programs (Strasser, Mondian, King, Texan)

74
Q

Topic 20 – Breeding pigeon

Breeds

A 
Breeds
• Flying/sporting breeds
• Fancy pigeons
• Utility pigeons
• Meat pigeons &amp; hybrids

ANIMAL BREEDING (10 decks)

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