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Animal Breeding > Poultry > Flashcards

Poultry Flashcards

1
Q

domestication of chicken

A

one of the most common and widespread domesticated animal - from red jungle fowl in india - 2500BC and china 5400BC

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2
Q

domestication of the turkey

A

from wild turkey in mexico 1000BC, the turkey is a subspecies of this one

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3
Q

domestication of the duck

A

mallard duck in china 2500BC

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4
Q

domestication of the goose

A

greylag goose and swan goose in asia, egypt and europe

→polyphyletic origin, multiple common ancestors - not all share same ancestor

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5
Q

domestication of the pidgeon

A

from the rocky doves of the mediterranean and north african region - the oldest domesticated bird!

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6
Q

(chicken) microevolutionary consequences

A

more meat - incr. size and weight, feather types/colors/patterns incr, breast hypertrophy and changes to limb muscleluture, fat deposition in duck and geese - fatty liver, brain size, used to humans, incr. prolificacy and fertility

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7
Q

pidgeon microevolutionary changes and use

A

changed behaviour (humans), high biodiversity (color, fantail, leg-feathering, crest and tuft on nose, short beak

use: meat produciton, hobby, sport(flying), fancy pidgeons

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8
Q

breeding goal of the turkey

A

meat production and egg production. broad chest (egg) and heavy muscling (meat) are selected traits

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9
Q

breeding goal of the goose

A

body mass and fat deposition, better reproduction, feather color variants, genetic pollution (cause environmental damage due to “new” habitat need after cross)

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10
Q

breeding goal for the duck

A

size, weight, plumage(feather): color/ variants, prolificacy, conformation, layers, meat

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11
Q

changes in egg laying ability

A

1st year forms basis of determining egg laying ability - size incr. in the 2nd year, but no decreases!

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12
Q

intensity of laying

A

breed specific, longer intensity means longer egg laying period w/o interval. btw. 141-504days

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13
Q

egg quality

A

weight, size, interior, shell

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14
Q

brooding

A

broodiness is to sit on a clutch of eggs to incubate them. its not a desirable trait and is selected against!

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15
Q

reproductive system in hens

A

2 parts: ovary + oviduct, singular ova develop in ovary then when matured it reaches the oviduct = ovulation. in oviduct the albumen, egg white and the shell is produced.

from yolk to ready egg=25-26h, 30-75mins after laying the ovary releases the next ovum.

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16
Q

the male poultry reproductive system: different phallus types (pidgeon, chicken, duck and goose)

A

testis are found inside the body cavity - no scrotum!

  • *pidgeon:** no phallus
  • *chicken:** non-protrucing phallus
  • *duck, geese:** long protruding phallus
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17
Q

moulting

A

renewing feathers: loosing and regrowing when day gets shorter - chicken normally does not lay egg during this time.

about once a year

forced: allowed in US, prohibited in EU. using e.g. decr. daylight to artificially provoke a flock to moult at the same time.

18
Q

breeding goal of laying hens

A

egg no., feed efficiency, egg quality - color of egg differs in different countries.

19
Q

pouldtry breeding - selection

A

mass selection based on individual appearance, performance, family selection, look at sibling,s, progeny test, pedigree data.

both pure breeding and hybridizations are common!

(purebred: mantinance, improvements)

20
Q

color of laying hens

A

white: smaller in size, eats less

brown; rel. larger, eat more, lay bigger eggs

21
Q

reciprocal recurrent selection

A

crossing lines of different breeds to make the best combinations of hybrids - the best are used for breeding, others are called culling hens which are “removed” from flock.

(select and improve the best and mating the best to best followed by crossing the improved lines or breeds to take the advantage of hybrid vigour)

22
Q

life of a laying hen

A

specialized breeds will prod. up to 300 eggs per year. the laying ability will begin to decline after 12 months, then they are eventually slaughtered and used in baby food, pet food, pies etc.

23
Q

typical egg production traits

A

early sexual maturity, more than 300/yr is eggcellent year,

24
Q

breeding programs for layer hybrids

A

unusual to cross inbred lines of same breed.

testcrossing to find the best combos, selctively bred for future hybrids, others are culled (removed)

25
Q

life of a broiler chicken

A

goal = meat fowl,

in nature they reach 5-11yrs, while commercially they are slaughtered at 6 weeks, organic meat at 14 weeks

26
Q

meat production traits of broilers

A

breast/thigh/drumstick/liver are most imp. - dressing precentage is 65-70%(what ends up as carcass)

quality: look at the dark:white meat ratio, dark har more ox(myoglobin)

mortality rate, vitality

27
Q

behavioral problems:

A

cannibalism (prevented by e.g. beek trimming)

feather eating as a protein source if deficiency! (feathers are made of protein)

28
Q

breding programs of broiler hybrids

A

3 way crossing: maternal line is crossbred(synthetic), while the paternal line is purebred (white cornish)

4 way crossing: both maternal and paternal are crossbred - most of the worlds’ commercial broilers are 4 way crosses!

29
Q

performance testing of broilers and layers

A

random sample test of egg (meat?)

30
Q

primary breeding sector of the broiler chicken industry

A

pedigree stock - pure line which makes parent stock

kept on high level biosecure farm(health and welfare). Assessed by x-ray and ultrasound of muscle and bones. - ox levels of blood are also measured

31
Q

broiler breeder farm

A

raise parent stock (which prod. fertilized eggs) - never ment for human consumption! males and femals are sep. genetic lines/ breeds -> produce crossbreeds. the parent stock is purchased from primary breedier a day old - raising in rearing houses or starter farms

32
Q

rearing houses

A

shed or barn for raising broilers. 11k bird capacity, minimal ventilation is required, insulation, keep out natural light so day cycle can be controlled,

33
Q

rearing of chickens

A

weight is monitored, vaccinations, genders are raised seperately. overweight bird give lower egg production - skip feeding days to fix weight.

34
Q

fattening of broilers

A

pelleted feed mix until 10 days

feeders, silos, conveyers, ventilation, cooling, heating -> good chicken

35
Q

broiler production (rearing)

A

single phase system in large units - ventilation is important to keep dirt away. lighting is controlled, anlternating, decr. near slaughter, automatic feeders, watering systems

36
Q

egg production

A

2 phase system: rearing phase(brooding, and laying phase

37
Q

concerns of battery chickens

A

= intensive mass production, factory farming

  • antibiotics use, arcenic, steroid hormones, E. coli, salmonella, avian influenza, mareks disease?, welfare
38
Q

productive traits of the turkey

A
  • excellent growth up to 24w - 2-3kg/kg feed, around 80% dressing percentage
  • female fattening: 14-16w, male fattening: 22-26w
  • easily frigthened - run away in stress: injuries, high poult losses in large units (5-7% mort. rate) beak trimming is common
39
Q

production systems of the turkey

A

commercial: intensive large unit systems

40
Q

breeding methods or duck

A

different breeds have different breeding seasons! some all year round, some breed in season,

show mating behaviour and lay eggs

neck biting, pecking, head bobbing, mounting attempts by male

41
Q

production systems of the duck

A

extensive, semi-intensive and intensive

42
Q

breeding of pidgeons

A

monogamous -> forced pairing is possible

prolificacy and conformational traits are important

Animal Breeding (13 decks)

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