Horse

Question 1

sexual dimorphism

Answer 1

the two sexes of the same species exhibit different characteristics beyond the differences in their sexual organs

Question 2

breeds used to re-create the tarpan

Answer 2

polish koniks, icelandic ponies, swedish gotlands and polish primitive horses - these mares where mated to przewalski stallions - were thought to serve as a catalyst to draw out latent tarpan characteristics. 1933 was the first.

Question 3

taxonomy: family, genus, subgenus

Answer 3

family equidae
- genus equus: wild horses, przewalski, tarpan, domestic
- subgenus asinus(ass): equus africanus asinus

Question 4

evolution; 4 main

Answer 4

over 60 million years:

1. Eohippus
2. mesohippus
3. mio-, mery-, pliohippus
4. equus

Question 5

domestication; where

Answer 5

central asia, then later in persia, egypt and europe 3000-4000BC

• extict in north america 10 000yrs ago

Question 6

non-domestic horses - types

Answer 6

wild horses: przewalski horse is the only remaining spp

feral horses: domestic ancestors but born and live in wild, e.g. mustangs in north america, and brumby in australia

Question 7

size variation: weight and hight

Answer 7

• *weight**: 50 - 1200kg
• *height**: (at withers) 50-180cm
• *dwarfism**: falabella, shetand pony

Question 8

puberty and sexual maturity

Answer 8

puberty: 16-18 months

full sexual maturity: 2+yrs (3-5 is average)

Question 9

general reproductive features

Answer 9

single offspring, low reprod. potential, late puberty, seasonal sexual activity, frequent miscarriages, low pregnancy rate, long pregnancy, rare twin pregnancy (2 eggs, 30% abortion/resorption)

Question 10

heat signs

Answer 10

vet.: palpation, ultrasound, measure hormone levels

signs:relaxed+incr. blood to genitals, frequent urination, raising tail, mucous discharge, desire for company, teasing other mares, presenting to teasing stallion

Question 11

pros to artificial insemination

Answer 11

no contact(accidents), less stress(no travel), less disease spread, more mares can be bred - even after death of stallion, international breeding programs

Question 12

what are the signs of pregnancy

Answer 12

no heat after covering, clinical signs: thick muscous discharge, assymetric uterus/foetal fluid and featus found during rectal exam, ultrasound 14th-45th day, measure hormone levels

Question 13

pseudopregnancyd

Answer 13

false pregnancy: embryonic death after 35th day, the corpus luteum cannot react to drugs to induce heat.

Question 14

how can the environment affect the pregnancy

Answer 14

the photoperiod is the length of day where daylight is present, increase “length of day”, and the ovary activity will increase with it.

Question 15

what can we do if we dont want a competition mare to go out of training

Answer 15

embryo transfer, egg transfer, gamete intrafallopiantransfer(placing the two gametes in another mares fallopian tube

Question 16

foal upbringing

Answer 16

live with mother(imprinting) e.g. free on pasture. Several times a week its checked for navel hernia. they are also taken in for hoof trimming. imp to give mother correct food to give right nutrition to the foal

Question 17

basic and modifies colors

Answer 17

basic: black, bay (brown with black mane/tail), chestnut (redish brown with same or lighter color mane and tail)

modified: roan is an even mixture of colored and white hairs on the body, while the head and “points”—lower legs, mane and tail—are mostly solid-colored

Question 18

Inbreeding coefficient

Answer 18

The coefficient of relationship is a measure of the degree of biological relationship between two individuals, should not exceed 0.1-0.3

Question 19

backcrossing

Answer 19

a type of inbreeding where crossing of a hybrid with one of its parents or an individual genetically similar to its parent, to achieve offspring with a genetic identity which is closer to that of the parent

⇒ one or more relatives occur more than once in a pedigree (record showing ancestors to be purebred - all belonging to same breed)

Question 20

blood refreshment

Answer 20

crossing incuviduals of same breed but different families to increase genetic variability for better strength and health

Question 21

cross breeding types

Answer 21

getting characteristics form 2 or more breeds

• *- single crossing**
• *- grading up:** several crossings to improve breed/make new
• synthetic breeds: planned gene pool of a breed
• terminal cross: two (different) breeds of animal that have been crossbred. The female offspring of that cross is then mated with a male (the terminal male) of a third breed, producing the terminal crossbred animal.

Question 22

gated horses

Answer 22

possess specialized gaits, faster than walk, usually slower than canter, inhertited or taught by minimal training

• *Missuri foxtrotter:** 4 beat diagonal gait
• *peruvian paso:** smooth gait
• *five-gaited american saddlebred:** 4 beat gait, snap hock and knee up quickly
• *tennessee walking horse:** 4 beat lateral gait, running walk
• *icelandic horse:** tolt/flying pace

Question 23

eventing

Answer 23

horse and rider combine and compete against other combinations across the three disciplines of dressage, cross-country, and show jumping.

Question 24

types of horse shows

Answer 24

• *equitation:** rider judged on form, style, ability/handling
• *under saddle:** horses are ridden on the flat, judged by manners, performance, movement, style, quality
• *in-hand/conformation:** horse judged by conformation and/or breeding ability
• *jump classes:** show jumping, show hunter(hunting abilities)

Question 25

harness sports

Answer 25

• *arena based “dressage”:** with harness, control and precision
• *cross country marathon:** fitness and endurance
• *stadium/cones:** obsticle course

Question 26

english riding sports

Answer 26

classical olympic events

• *hunter classes**: on flat or over jumps
• *saddle-seat:** show off the horse’s extravagant gaits, particularly the trot

Question 27

american discipline, what is emphasized

Answer 27

showing off high stepping & gaited breeds such as the american saddlebred and tennessee walker.

• *park division:** most exaggerated
• *pleasure division:** manners ranked over “animation”
• *plantation/country division**: most emphasis on manners, least animation

Question 28

racing

Answer 28

• *flat racing:** jockey, gressbane
• *jump racing:** with jump obstacles

Question 29

genetic improvement in race horses

Answer 29

MSTN gene - strong inhibitor for muscle formation, speed gene found in race horses (TB), also whippet, belgian blue cattle. Tb horse gene variations:
C/C - short distance
C/T - middle distance
T/T - long distance - stamina!