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Parasitology #2 > Poultry > Flashcards

Poultry Flashcards

1
Q

Capillaria spp

A

-gut nematode
-crop and small intestine
-direct and indirect life cycles with earthworm IH
-infective stage is L1 in egg

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2
Q

Ascaridia galli

A

-small intestines
-direct life cycle
-infective stage is L3 in egg

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3
Q

Pathogenesis of Ascaridia galli

A
  1. Larval stage (7mm) found in mucosa= Haemorrhagic enteritis (diarrhea)
  2. Adult worms in lumen of intestines= obstruction
  3. Viable calcified parasites can be found in albumin of hen’s egg
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4
Q

Treatment for Ascaridia galli

A

Piperzine in feed or water

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5
Q

Heterakis gallinarum

A

-in cecum
-direct life cycle with earthworm PH
-egg often shelters Histomonas meleagridis (protozoa)= black head or entero hepatitis in turkeys

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6
Q

Syngamus trachea

A

-gapeworm; causes gapes= bird gasps due to tracheal obstruction and inflammation
-adult worms blood feed in trachea
-direct life cycle +/- paratenic host
-infective stage is L3 (can be in egg, free in environment, inside paratenic host)

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7
Q

Diagnosis of syngamus trachea

A

-eggs in feces
-necropsy (females larger, males smaller; form Y shape during copulation)

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8
Q

Control of nematodes in poultry

A
  1. All in all out, cleaning and disinfection between batches
  2. Biosecurity- keep eggs from being tracked in and wild birds and earthworms out
  3. More of an issue in backyard flocks, free range, organic, deep litter systems
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9
Q

Nematode treatment of poultry

A

-benzimidazoles or levamisole in feed or water

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10
Q

Davainea proglottina

A

-cestode of small intestine
-Dwarf tapeworm of poultry
-indirect life cycle with slug or snail; cysticercoids
-usually in young birds in free range flock
-0.5-3mm long

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11
Q

Clinical signs of Davainea proglottina

A

-generally asymptomatic
-can cause enteritis and poor production

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12
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of Davainea proglottina

A

Diagnose at necropsy

Treat with praziquantel or benzimidazoles

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13
Q

Prosthogonimus macrorchis

A

-oviduct fluke
-2 IH life cycle (snail and dragon fly niads)
-causes ‘Salphingitis’ with fatal peritonitis

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14
Q

Burrowing mites of poultry

A
  1. Cnemidocoptes mutans
  2. Cnemidocoptes gallinae
  3. Cnemidocoptes pilae
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15
Q

Cnemidocoptes mutans

A

-causes scaly leg
-not zoonotic

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16
Q

Cnemidocoptes pilae

A

-causes beak rot/mange
not zoonotic

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17
Q

Cnemidocoptes gallinae

A

de pluming itch

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18
Q

Treatment of Cnemidocoptes

A

ivermectin repeated in 2 weeks

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19
Q

Surface mites

A
  • Dermanyssus gallinae
    -Ornithonyssus sylvarum
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20
Q

Dermanyssus gallinae

A

-Red mite, Roost mite
-anus posterior in anal plate
-on birds at night and in environment during the day
-life cycle complete in a few days
-blood feeders
-domestic and wild birds
-zoonotic

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21
Q

Ornithonyssus sylvarum

A

-Northern Fowl mite
-on birds all the time
-life cycle complete in a few days
-blood feeders
-infects domestic and wild birds
-zoonotic

22
Q

Treatment for Ornithonyssus

A

-extralabel ivermectin, 2 treatments a week apart

23
Q

Argas sp

A

-Soft tick= Fowl tick
-causes tick paralysis in young chicks

24
Q

Vectors of Argas sp

A

Aviran spirochaetosis
OR
Rickettsia (Aegyptinella pullorum)

25
Q

Control of ticks and mites in poultry

A
  1. Clean environment for Dermanyssus and Argas sp
  2. Acaricides (pyrethroids, carbamates, organophosphates, spinosad
    *resistance emerging
  3. heat more than 45 degrees C for several days
  4. mite traps
  5. use diatomaceous earth or sulfur dust
26
Q

Lice of poultry

A

**only chewing lice

-Menapon gallinae

-Menacanthus stramineus

27
Q

Lice diagnosis and treatment in poulty

A

Dx: visual inspection

Tx: offlabel insecticide powders, repeat treatment as nits hatch out

28
Q

Cimex lectularius

A

-Bed bugs
-often in poultry breeder flocks; in chicken houses
-nocturnal feeders
-zoonotic

29
Q

Cimex lectularius clinical signs

A

-excessive feather loss and irritation
-lesions on breasts and legs
-possibly anemia in severe cases
-production loss: fewer eggs and increased feed intake

30
Q

Fleas of poultry

A

Echidnophaga= Stick tight flea

Ceratophyllus gallinae= nest flea of chickens

31
Q

Tetratrichomonas gallinarum

A

-Hosts: turkeys, chicken, guinea fowl, quail, pheasant, partridge, goose

-causes Typhlitis/Typhlohepatits, Avian trichomonosis of lower digestive tract

32
Q

Tricomonas gallinae

A

Hosts: pigeons, turkeys, chicken, hawk, mourning dove, golden eagle

Disease: yellow button, Avian trichomonosis of Upper digestive tract= Canker
1. Localized: throat crop form/yellow button
2. General: can spread to inner organs like heart, liver, lung, air sacs =LETHAL FORM

33
Q

What is the virulent strain of Trichomonas gallinae?

A

Jones Barn Strain

34
Q

Mode of transmission of Trichomonas gallinae

A

-oral route
-pigeon squabs through crop milk

35
Q

Histomonas meleagridis transmission

A

-Transmission:

1.directly: cecal flagellate shed in fresh feces (cloacal, drinking)
OR
2.indirectly: cecal flagellate inside the larvae of cecal nematode Heterakis gallinarum (+/- inside earthworm paratenic host)

36
Q

Histomonas meleagridis

A

-specifically turkeys
-mucosoflagellated of caecum that spreads to liver

37
Q

Clinical signs of Histomonas meleagridis

A

-listlessness
-reduced appetite
-drooping wings
-sulphur yellow droppings
-cyanosis of comb and wattles (blackhead)

*Post mortem= bulls eye lesions on liver, caseous cores in cecum, histology, culture, PCR

38
Q

Eimeria spp in poultry

A

7 species causing pathogenesis, 3 species that are cryptic
*can lead to overgrowth of clostridium perfingens=necrotic enteritis

39
Q

3 main cryptic species of Emieria in poultry

A
  1. E. tenella- caecal coccidiosis
    2.E. necatrix- mid intestine
  2. E. brunetti- rectal coccidiosis
40
Q

Life cycle of Eimeria spp in poultry

A

-Monoxenous life cycle (one host)
1.unsporulated oocysts are excreted in feces and sporulate in environment to become infected stage
2. 2nd generation merozoites cause pathogenesis

41
Q

E. tenella

A

-hemorrhagic spots on cecal mucosa
-caeca dilated with unclotted and partly clotted blood containing schizonts and merozoites
-caecal core with gamont stages/detaching from mucosa

42
Q

E. necatrix

A

-Ballooning of intestine and the lumen is filled with fluid, blood, tissue debris
-seen as white plaques or red petechiae
-in dead birds, foci will be white and black (salt and pepper)

43
Q

E. brunetti

A

Lesions on posterior small intestines between yolk stalk and caeca= Rectal coccidiosis

**if severe, gut wall is thick with hemorrhagic catarrhal exudate

44
Q

E. acervulina

A

-intestinal mucosa is thin and covered in white plaques in a transverse ladder like because of striations

45
Q

E. maxima

A

-mucosal surface is inflamted and intestinal contents have pinkish mucoid exudate or yellow or orange mucus and blood

46
Q

E. truncata in turkeys

A

-in kidneys causing Renal coccidiosis
*high mortality

47
Q

Control and diagnosis of E. truncata

A

Dx: enlarged grey kidneys; histology smear of kidneys, oocyst recovery from fecal float

Control: sulphas

48
Q

Treatment of Eimeria sp

A
  1. Most common is ionophores which target the sporozoites and merozoites
  2. Amprolium- targets 2nd gen schizonts; can be put in drinking water
  3. sulphonamides- target schizonts and gamonts; but can have residue effects
49
Q

Control of Eimeria

A

1.hygiene and husbandry

2.Alternating vaccines and chemotherapy to replace resistant strains with susceptible ones
-Chemoprophylaxis but ressitance emerging
-vaccines

  1. probiotics, herbal compounds
50
Q

Vaccines for Eimeria in poultry

A
  1. 1st gen: live wild type parasites
    -non uniform administration and vaccine pathogenicity
  2. 2nd gen: live attenuated strains passed in vivo with precocious development
    -expensive, limited to breeder and layers
  3. 3rd gen: subunit vaccine
51
Q

Cryptosporidium in poultry

A
  1. C. meleagridis- intestines; non pathogenic; uncommon zoonotic
  2. C. baileyi- intestines, respiratory tract; pathogenic
  3. C. galli- proventriculus; pathogenic

Parasitology #2 (12 decks)

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