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Parasitology #2 > Horse-protozoa > Flashcards

Horse-protozoa Flashcards

1
Q

Eimeria leuckarti

A

-40% of foals
-no pathogenic
-diarrhea rare
-no treatment needed

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2
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum

A

-often asymptomatic
-17% of horses; most common in foals
-villous atrohy and epithelial sloughing
-malabsorptive diarrhea
-life threatening in SCID foals

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3
Q

Diagnosis of cryptosporidium in horses

A

-IFAT on feces
-acid fast stain

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4
Q

Treatment of cryptosporidium in horses

A

-supportive Tx
-ELDU
-paromomycin, tylosin, azithromycin
-environmental decontamination difficult
-zoonotic potential

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5
Q

Sarcocystis fayeri

A

-Dog DH
-Horse IH

-incidental findings in muscle biopsy or histopathology

-rarely causes eosinophilic myositis

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6
Q

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis

A

-caused by sarcocystis neurona and neospora hughesi

-only in N and S america

-usually only 1 horse per farm

-linked with stress trigger (heavy exercise, transport, injury, surgery, birth and lactation)

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7
Q

Who does equine protozoal myeloencephalitis effect?

A

-effects young (under 5 yrs) and old (older than 13 yrs)

-thoroughbreds, standardbreds, quarter horses

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8
Q

Sarcocystis neurona

A

-DH: opossum
IH: skunks, raccoons, armadillos, cats, birds
Horse is aberrant IH= sarcocysts seldom develop

-Pathology= merozoites (asexual reproduction)

-vertical transmission rare

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9
Q

Sarcocystis neurona life cycle

A
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10
Q

Neospora hugesi

A

-DH- unknown; possibly wild canid
IH: wildlife? Horses (develop tissue cysts)
*tissue cysts with bradyzoites

-transplacental transmission occurs, in multiple pregnancies

-only 1/10 positive horses develop EPM

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11
Q

Neospora hughesi life cycle

A
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12
Q

clinical signs of EPM

A
  1. asymptomatic
  2. dysphagia, lameness, seizures, muscle wasting, ataxia
  3. most consistent: asymmetric gait and focal muscle atrophy
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13
Q

Diagnosis of EPM in horses

A
  1. neurological exam
  2. rule out other causes (non febrile and no pain)
  3. Antemortem diagnosis= high CSF to serum antibody ratio
    *seropositive for N. hughesi more useful to detect EPM
  4. Post mortem: IHC or PCR on CNS
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14
Q

Management of EPM in horses

A

Treat. 6-8weeks, longer if still improving AND may still relapse

-sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine (coccidiostatic)
-ponazuril, diclazuril (coccidiocidal)

-NSAIDs, immune stimulants, prevent contamination of feed/water, feed prophylaxis in highly endemic farms

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15
Q

Haemosporidia infecting horses

A

*equine piroplasmosis; foreign disease in Canada= reportable to CFIA

  1. Babesia caballi
  2. Theileria equi
  3. Theileria haneyi
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16
Q

Babesia life cycle

A
17
Q

Life cycle of equine piroplasm

A
18
Q

Pathology of equine piroplasm

A

-animals may be asymptomatic but infected
-symptoms: mild weight loss/fever to anemia, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, abortions, death

50% mortality; may be acute and horse just found dead

19
Q

Economic and animal health impacts of equine piroplasm

A

-loss of animals
-reduced sport performance
-restrictions on international travel/trade
-cost of treatment, quarantine, testing

20
Q

Human assisted transmission of equine piroplasm

A

-If from endemic country, require negative testing.

But only need 30 day negative Equine infectious anemia if coming USA to Canada. Dont need negative of equine piroplasm

-If travelling for sport, no testing needed and known positives can enter country

-horses travelling to endemic areas are not tested upon re entry

21
Q

Diagnostics of equine piroplasm

A
  1. trophozoites or merozoites on peripheral blood smear
  2. History, clinical signs, serology, PCR
22
Q

Prevention of equine piroplasm

A

-tick control
-movement controls
-avoid illegal doping (or at least use a clean needle)

23
Q

Management of equine piroplasm in USA

A

-Quarantine and enroll in USDA APHIS approved EP treatment program

-high doses of imidocarbdipriopionate until seronegative (1-2 yrs)

-life long quarantine= costly, horse welfare

-euthanasia

24
Q

Management of equine piroplasm in Canada

A

Treatment under consideration
-humane euthanasia
-surveillance and tracing
-strict quarantine to prevent spread

Parasitology #2 (12 decks)

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