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Parasitology #2 > Horse-helminths contd > Flashcards

Horse-helminths contd Flashcards

1
Q

Shedding of GI nematodes in 1st year of life for foals

A
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2
Q

Considerations for deworming

A

-individual horse susceptibility and overall health
-geography
-pasture vs. stable
-number of horses per acre
-pasture vs stable
-number of horses per acre
-pasture management
-any known resistance
-owner risk tolerance
-weighing horses accurately to avoid underdosing

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3
Q

How do we prevent resistance?

A
  1. maintain and monitor drug efficacy
    -which horses are biggest contributor of eggs
    -leave parasite refugia
    -monitor efficacy by FEC reduction test
  2. use strategic treatments to max effect and minimize shedding
  3. Use non-drug methods of control (pasture and manure management)
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4
Q

Pasture and manure management

A

-dont relocacte dewormed horses to clean a pasture
-reduce stocking density
-dispose of manure regularly
-dont feed off the ground
-do not spread fresh manure on fields that horses graze
-mow and harrow pastures periodically
-separate weanlings from yearlings, adults

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5
Q

When should you always treat for parasites?

A

-coughing foal with no bacterial or viral cause
-diarrhea in 2-3 week old foal
-diarrhea, weight loss, low protein/albumin, edema
-spasmodic colic of unknown origin
-pruritus ani (explore non parasitic causes)

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6
Q

Oxyuris equi

A

-pinworms of horses
-cecum, colon, rectum, perianal region
-worldwide distribution
-stabled horses, and poor hygiene
-eggs environmentally resistant
-not zoonotic

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7
Q

Life cycle of Oxyuris equi

A
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8
Q

Diagnosis of oxyuris equi

A

-rarely flotation, usually swab or tape mount from perianal region

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9
Q

Treatment for oxyuris equi

A

-hygiene (environment and perianal washing)
-many labeled products

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10
Q

Onchocerca cervicalis

A

-connective tissue nematode
present in W. Canada where suitable climate and vectors = BC

-found in nuchal ligament
-can lead to fistulous withers

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11
Q

Onchocerca cervicalis lifecycle

A
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12
Q
A

Oxyuris equi eggs

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13
Q

Onchocerca cervicalis diagnosis

A

-microfilariae in skin histological section or culture from biopsy

-often no clinical signs

-Cutaneous onchocerciasis- in summer on ace, neck, ventral midline. Alopecia, crusting, pruritus

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14
Q

Treatment of Onchocerca cervicalis

A

ML will kill larvae but not adults

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15
Q

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi

A

-lung nematode
-rare in Canada
-not usually patent in adult horses but primary reservoir in donkeys and horses less than 3 yrs old
-pasture transmitted
-causes dyspnea and coughing

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16
Q

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi lifecycle

A
17
Q

Dicytocaulus arnfieldi diagnosis

A
18
Q

Dicytocaulus arnfieldi treatment

A

Extralabel ivermectin

19
Q

Cyclophyllids

A

**pasture transmitted, worldwide

-Anoplocephala perfoliata in ileum and cecum

-Anoplocephala magna in proximal SI

-Paranoplocephala mammillana in proximal SI

20
Q

Appearance of Anoplocephala magna compared to anoplocephala perfoliata

A

anoplocephala perfoliata has lappets and 4 sucks, no hooks
Anaplocephala magna does not have lappets

21
Q

Anoplocephala paranoplocephala lifecycle

A
22
Q
A

Anoplocephala/Paranoplocephala egg

23
Q

Anoplocephala perfoliata sequalae

A

-ileal impaction and spasmodic colic

24
Q

Clinical signs of tapeworms in horses

A

-often none
-can be seen in foals with other health issues
-risk for ileal impaction and spasmodic colic

25
Q

Diagnosis of equine tapeworms

A

-eggs in feces 24 hrs post treatment
-coproantigen and serology

26
Q

Treatment of equine tapeworms

A

Single annual treatment with praziquantel in late fall

27
Q

Potomac horse fever

A

-caused by Neorickettsia risticii (bacteria in flukes)
-Flukes (Acanthatrium oregonense) of bats maybe hosts
-freshwater snail=first IH
-flying insects= second IH
-horses accidently ingest N. risticii inside cercaria in water or metacercaria in aquatic/adult insect

28
Q

Clinical signs of potomac horse fever

A

-severe acute diarrhea
-laminitis
-abortion

29
Q

Diagnosis of potomac horse fever

A

PCR of blood/feces

30
Q

Treatment of Potomac horse fever

A

-oxytetracycline
-vaccines?

31
Q

Lifecycle of Potomac horse fever

A
32
Q

Sex variations in parasites

A

-male bias for some parasites, attributed to immunosuppression by androgens

-males often geldings

-mares were often more infected in studies

33
Q

Seasonal variabilities

A

-higher prevalence and intensity in fall vs the spring

-Gyalocephalus capitatus, cylicodontophorus bicoronatus, cylicocyclus ultrajectinus FOUND in Spring likely linked to hypobiotic larvae wintering

-species with more prevalence in fall=likely more resistant to heat and drought in summer

Parasitology #2 (14 decks)

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