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Parasitology #2 > non GI nematodes, cestodes, trematodes-cattle > Flashcards

non GI nematodes, cestodes, trematodes-cattle Flashcards

1
Q

Dictyocaulus viviparus

A

-cattle lungworm
-adult females in airways releasing L1 in fresh feces
-rounded larvae tip

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2
Q

Dictyocaulus viviparus Life cycle

A

PPP:3-4wks
1. Adults release L1 larvae in feces of cattle
2. L1 to L3 in wet conditions of environment
3. L3 ingested by cattle, develops into L4
*L4 can arrest= hypobiosis (wait for optimal conditions)
4. Tracheal migration to lungs of DH

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3
Q

Significance of Dictyocaulus viviparus

A

-rare
-causes pneumonia in pastured cattle (calves or naive)
-wet environment
-can be subclinical or clinical (coughing, dyspnea, sawhorse stance)
-morbidity and mortality can be high

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4
Q

Diagnostic test of Dictyocaulus viviparus

A

Baermann on FRESH samples

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5
Q

Control of Dictyocaulus viviparus

A
  1. Vaccine (irradiated L3) used in Europe, given to calves before first turn out
  2. Anthelmintics (especially Macrocyclic Lactones)- given at midpoint of first grazing season
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6
Q

Dictyocaulus filaria

A

Large lungworm in sheep
-difference from cattle lungworm because L1 larvae has anterior cone
-same treatment options as in cattle

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7
Q

Protostrongylids

A
  1. Muellerius
  2. Protostrongylus
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8
Q

Characteristics of Protostrongylids

A

-adults live in lung parenchyma and/or small airways

-indirect life cycle with terrestrial gastropod IHs

-notable lung lesions but rarely clinical
*subclinical: respiratory signs, decreased weight gain

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9
Q

Larvae tip shape for Protostrongylus vs. Muellerius

A

Muellerius: dorsal spined larvae

Protostrongylus: spike tailed larvae

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10
Q

Lifecycle of Protostrongylids

A

1.DH sheep ingest L3 from environment or snail
2. Adults in lungs of sheep. Produce L1 larvae which are coughed up and swallowed
3. L1 passed in feces, penetrate foot of snail
4. Develop into L3 in IH snail

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11
Q

Stephanofilaria stilesi

A

-dermal nematode in cattle
-live in cyst like structure at base of hair follicles
-vector born parasite

-causes alopecia and scaling
-common at ventral midline, flanks, udder, face/neck

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12
Q

Stephanofilaria stilesi lifecycle

A
  1. IH Hornfly (L1 to L3 development over 3wks)
  2. Bites cattle (blood feeds) and passes L3 to dermis of DH cattle where it develops into adults
  3. Microfilariae (L1) live in dermis and are picked up by hornfly when it blood feeds
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13
Q

Stephanofilaria stilesi diagnosis

A

-Present in Western Canada
-Use clinical symptoms, and microfilaria in skin biopsy

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14
Q

Stephanofilaria stilesi Treatment

A

Macrocyclic lactones kill microfilaria and resolve skin lesions within 2-3wks

Adults resist treatment and survive for yrs

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15
Q

Setaria sp

A

-peritoneal nematode
-little or no clinical significance but common to find during surgeries

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16
Q

Setaria sp. lifecycle

A
  1. IH hornfly or mosquito with L1 to L3 larvae (12-16 days)
  2. L3 deposited into cattle DH (8-10mths) through bite
  3. L3 become adults in peritoneal cavity
  4. L1 in the blood
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17
Q

Moniezia sp characteristics

A

-cestode
-intestines; low clinical relevance
-segments are wider than long
-scolex with 4 suckers; no rostellum or hooks
-segments contain twin reproductive organs, two lateral pores

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18
Q

Thysanosoma spp characterisitcs

A

-cestode
-cattle and sheep
-intestines, bile and pancreatic ducts so bit more pathogenic
-scolex has 4 suckers
-no rostellum or hooks
-segments composed of fringes

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19
Q

Moniezia spp eggs vs. Thysanosoma spp eggs

A

Moniezia: square/triangular with hexacanth larva

Thysanosoma sp: egg packet with multiple hexacanth larvae

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20
Q

Pathogenesis of Moniezia and Thysanosoma spp

A

-most pathogenic in sheep (lambs) causing diarrhea and weight loss

21
Q

Life cycle of Moniezia and Thysanosoma spp

A
  1. Adults in DH (6weeks)
    2.eggs released in feces and ingested by free living mites
  2. IH: free living mite with cysticercoids (1-4mths)
  3. Mites ingested by DH
22
Q

Taenia ovis in cattle and sheep

A

-results in ovine cysticercosis

23
Q

Taenia ovis life cycle

A
  1. Eggs released in feces of DH (canine)
  2. Sheep IH ingest eggs. Eggs develop into cysticerci in muscle
  3. DH ingest muscle
24
Q

Diagnosis of Taenia ovis

A

-no clinical signs with adult stages in dogs or cysticerci in sheep
-seen at post-mortem in skeletal muscle and heart= carcass condemnation (not zoonotic)

*increasing issue for sheep producers in Canada

25
Q

Control of Taenia ovis

A

-no treatment for sheep
-Dogs: praziquantel at least 2x per yr
-prevent dogs from eating infected sheep
-prevent dogs (and other canids) from pooping on sheep feed and pasture

26
Q

Taenia saginatta

A

-causes bovine cysticercosis
-common in beef eating countries other than Canada. Rare in carcasses in Canada
-very resistant

27
Q

Taenia saginatta life cycle

A

Predator prey indirect life cycles
1.Human DH (adult tapeworms 2-3mths)
2.Gravid segments and Eggs shed in feces. Eggs immediately infective and resistant (18mths)
3.Cattle IH (cysticerci in cardiac and skeletal muscle)
4. Humans ingest cattle muscle

28
Q

Taenia saginatta characteristics

A

-scolex with no hooks
-very long adult
-gravid segment with xmas tree appearance
-Eggs are taeniid eggs
-cysticercus in tissue/heart with one protoscolex

29
Q

Treatment of Taenia saginatta in DH

A

Humans
-treat with cestocides to halt environmental contamination
-prevent access to IH (raw meat)…must cook to 71 C or 160 F

30
Q

Treatment of Taenia saginatta in IH

A

-no treatment
-meat inspection
-prevent livestock access to human feces

31
Q

Bovine cysticercosis in Canada

A

-reportable disease immediately to CFIA; even if just suspicion

Programs:
1. CFIA meat hygiene program-licensed plants for inspection
2. Collect cysticerci fresh and submit for confirmation by CFIA
3. CFIA National cysticercosis program- traceback for origin and sources

32
Q

Action when bovine cysticercosis detected

A

1.Quarantine premises and source farms

2.Send remaining animals to slaughter
-inspection, condemned infected carcasses, others frozen for 10days at -10C or heated to 60C

  1. Make recommendations to halt transmission. Prevent human fecal contamination of food and water

4.Lift quarantine/open feedlot after certain number of animals are negative

33
Q

Liver flukes in cattle and sheep

A

-Fasciola hepatica- rare in Canada
-Fascioloides magna-giant liver fluke, common in wildlife in canada
-Dicrocoelium dendriticum- zombie ants, rare in Canada

34
Q

Fasciola hepatica

A

-most important trematode of livestock but rare in Western Canada
-need suitable aquatic snail habitat
-grey-brown leaf shaped fluke
-can infect cattle, sheep, goats, deer, horses, pigs
-in bile ducts
-ZOONOTIC

35
Q

Fasciola hepatica life cycle

A
  1. Adults in cattle/sheep gallbladder/bile ducts (10-12weeks)

Outside mammal for 6 weeks:
2.Release eggs into environment
3. Eggs hatch and become miracidium which can penetrate snail foot
4. IH snail where large asexual reproduction occurs
5. Cercariae swim out and will encyst as metacercariae on vegetation
6. DH cattle or sheep ingest the vegetation. Metacecariae become flukes and migrate into the liver

36
Q

Pathology of Fasciola hepatica

A
  1. asymptomatic
  2. Acute/subacute fasciolosis in sheep
  3. Chronic fasciolosis in cattle

NOTE: migrating flukes can trigger clostridial disease in all livestock

37
Q

Acute fasciolosis in sheep

A

-migrating juvenile flukes in liver tissues
-results in anemia, hypoalbuminaemia, sudden death
-submandibular edema (bottlejaw), ascites, eggs present

38
Q

Chronic fasciolosis in cattle

A

-adult flukes in bile ducts
-often subclinical
-reduced growth and fertility, progressive loss of condition
-post mortem: chronic cholangitis, calcified bile ducts

39
Q

Diagnostics for F. hepatica

A

-Fecal sedimentation because eggs too dense to float
-Fluke finder test
-coproantigen, antibodies in bulk milk tank
-see signs in bloodwork
-liver pathology on post mortem

40
Q

Signs you could see on bloodwork with Fasciola hepatica

A

-anemia
-hypoalbuminema
-eosinophilia
-elevated liver enzymes

41
Q

Life cycle of Fascioloides magna

A
  1. Cervids DH: Adult flukes in liver
    6-8weeks:
  2. Eggs released in feces, become miracidium
  3. Miracidium penetrate IH snail= asexual reproduction
    4.Cercariae released and encyst on vegetation as metacercariae
  4. Cervids ingest vegetation

**Cattle and sheep can also ingest metacercarie on vegetation
-non=patent infection, sheep can be fetal, cattle chronic

42
Q

Diagnostics for Fascioloides magna in cattle and sheep

A

Cannot do fecal sedimentation because it is nonpatent infection and eggs not released =Dead end hosts!

43
Q

F. Magma Pathology in cattle

A

Cattle:
-chronic or asymptomatic
-flukes walled off in liver parenchyma
-no eggs shed, no signs, unless flukes activate clostridial spores in liver= bacillary hemoglobinuria=redwater disease

44
Q

F. Magna Pathology in sheep

A

-flukes migrate around liver cause severe damage
-no eggs because non patent
-sudden death within a few mths

45
Q

Control of Fascioloides magna

A

WILDLIFE reservoir so hard to control
-common in cervids of Western Canada (deer, elk, caribou)
-present where aquatic snail present

46
Q

Prevention of flukes in problem herds

A

-avoid contaminated pastures
-avoid liquid manure as fertilizer from infected herds near water
-prevent livestock access to wetlands

47
Q

Control of Fasciola hepatica in problem herds

A

-treat all exposed ruminants
-vaccinate for clostridial diseases at least every 6 mths

SHEEP:
Closantel (flukiver) or triclabendazole in FALL to kill juvenile flukes

DAIRY:
Albendazole in early WINTER to kill adult flukes

48
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

A

-small fluke in bile ducts
-incidental finding in cattle, sheep, deer, rabbits, people
-not very pathogenic
-found in BC and Cypress Hills in Canada
-terrestrial cycle with ant IH

49
Q

Lifecycle of Dicrocoelium dendriticum

A
  1. Adults in cattle 8wks
  2. Eggs released in feces
  3. eggs ingested by snail 1IH and miracidium released and developed into cercariae
  4. Cercariae in snail slime which is ingested by ants
    5.2IH ants are infected for 2mths and cercariae becomes metacercariae
    *alters their behaviour, climbing up vegetation so they are eaten by DH

Parasitology #2 (14 decks)

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