Potassium

Question 0

N/K ATPase

Answer 0

stimulated by insulin, aldosterone, and B agonists

pumps K into cells

Question 1

where is K reabsorbed first

Answer 1

Ascending LOH by Na/K/2Cl

Question 2

first line tx in hyperkalrmia

Answer 2

inject Ca2+

Question 3

medications that cause hyperkalemia

Answer 3

k sparing diuretics
NSAIDs via 1) direct tubular damage (interstital nephritis)–>TG feedback–>dec renin production 2) blocks PG–>vascon on afferent arterial–>ischemia and dec tubular flow–>dec gradient
cyclosporine
bactrim

Question 4

Na/K ATPase dec activity due to

Answer 4

ATP depletion (exercise, ischemia-reperfusion)
direct blockage via digitalis

Question 5

how does hyperosmolarity affect K

Answer 5

ICF shifts to ECF and squeezes K out

Question 6

ways to get hypoaldosteronism

Answer 6

PRIMARY
adrenal gland damage
congenital (21 alpha hydroxylase def)
heparin
SECONDARY
JGA Damage (diabetes, obstructibe uropathy)
ACEi/ARB- directly and via efferent dilation

Question 7

acute hyperkalmia management

Answer 7

IV Ca
insulin/glucose
albuterol
bicarb

buy time but eventuallt need to remove k

Question 8

how to get K out of body

Answer 8

Kayexalate

Question 9

Familial Hyperkalemic HTN/Gordon’s Syndrome genes

Answer 9

WNK4 inact, WNK1 act

Question 10

renal losses leading to hypokalemia

Answer 10

diuretic use
hyperaldo
anion excess
hypomagnesiemia (dysfunctioning Na/K ATPase)

Question 11

GI losses leading to hypokalemia

Answer 11

massive diarrhea/laxative
gastric losses–>decrease H+–>alkalosis–>excrete HCO3- pulling K with it
*both of these have volume depletion aspect too

Question 12

rapid cell growth

Answer 12

consumes a lot of K (tumors n stuff)

Question 13

Bartter’s syndrome

Answer 13

defective Na/K/2Cl-- chronic look
hypokalemia
hypomag
volume dep
alkalosis

Question 14

Gitelman’s

Answer 14

defective Na/Cl cotransporter at DCT–stimulates chronic thiazide
less severe than barterrs
hypokal/meta alk

Question 15

liddles

Answer 15

constitutivelY ACTIVE enac–pseudohyperaldo

hypokal and htn

Question 16

patients with ___ are diuretic/vommiters until proven otherwise

Answer 16

low K
low urine K
meta acidosis

Question 17

refeeding syndrome

Answer 17

give food to starving person–>massive insulin–> all k goes insoide

Question 18

periodic paralysis

Answer 18

rare genetic disorder involving K channels that suddenly cause massive intracell k influx

Question 19

severe HTN and metabolic alkalosis

Answer 19

hyperaldosteronism until proven otherwise

Question 20

what do you use when treating hypokalemia

Answer 20

dextrose and glucose-free iv solutions to avoid insulin stimulations as it would increase itnracell shift