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BRS YR2 > Postnatal and Child Development > Flashcards

Postnatal and Child Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main sections of the embryo at approximately 4 weeks?

A
  • future forebrain
  • future midbrain
  • future hindbrain
  • future spinal cord
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2
Q

What are the 3 flexures of the embryo at approximately 4 weeks?

A
  • cephalic
  • pontine
  • cervical
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3
Q

What are the 4 main sections of the embryo brain at approximately 5 weeks?

A
  • telencephalon
  • diencephalon
  • pons
  • medulla
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4
Q

What is the the structure of the brain like at 8 weeks?

A
  • development of the ventricular system

3rd, 4th ventricle and the aqueduct

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5
Q

What is the pre-frontal association area responsible for?

A
  • executive function

- concentration

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6
Q

What is the primary motor cortex responsible for?

A

skeletal muscle movement

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7
Q

What is the primary somatic sensory cortex responsible for?

A
  • recieving impulses from the periphery
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8
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

vision

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9
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A
  • auditory sensation

- speech

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10
Q

What is the anterior section of grey matter responsible for?

A

motor neurones

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11
Q

What are the 2 pyramidal tracts?

A

lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts

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12
Q

What do the lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts supply?

A

sacral, lumbar, thoracic and cervical nerves in the lateral corticospinal stract

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13
Q

What do the extra-pyramidal tracts do?

A

co-ordination of movements and the regulation of posture and balance

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14
Q

What are the components of the reflex arc?

A
  • sensory receptor
  • sensory neuron
  • integrating center and interneuron
  • motor neuron
  • effector
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15
Q

What are the primitive relexes?

A
  • moro reflex
  • standing reflex
  • grasp reflex
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16
Q

What is the moro reflex?

A

when the baby’s neck is suddenly extended and the arma adduct and abduct

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17
Q

When does the moro reflex develop?

A

28-32 weeks gestation

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18
Q

When does the moro reflex disappear?

A

3-6 months

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19
Q

What does the persistence of primitive reflexes suggest?

A

impaired development

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20
Q

When is the standing reflex present?

A

newborn and at 3 months

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21
Q

What is the standing reflex present?

A
  • extension of the lower extremities

- flexion of the hips (behind the shoulder)

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22
Q

What is the grasp reflex?

A

when an object is placed in the palm of the hand of a newborn and is grasped very tightly

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23
Q

When is the grasp reflex lost?

A

at around 6-9 months (due to fine motor development)

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24
Q

When are protective/parachute reflexes developed?

A

6-9 months

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25
Q

What is a protective/parachute reflex?

A
  • baby is placed in a forward tilting position (upside down)

- protects themselves with outstretched arms

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26
Q

What is development?

A
  • global impression of a child encompassing: growth, increase in understanding, acquisition of new skills, and more sophisticated responses and behaviour
  • endows child with increasingly complex skills in order to function in society
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27
Q

How is development assessed?

A
  • opportunistically

- as part of a planned programme of review

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28
Q

What are the 4 domains of child development?

A
  • speech and language skills
  • social skills
  • gross motor skills
  • fine motor skills
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29
Q

What are the main speech and language skills assessed in development?

A
  • vocalisation
  • words
  • understanding
  • imaginative play
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30
Q

What are the main social skills assessed in development?

A
  • social interaction
  • stranger reaction
  • eating skills
  • dressing
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31
Q

What are the main gross motor skills assessed in development?

A
  • position
  • head lag
  • sitting
  • walking
  • running
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32
Q

What are the main fine motor skills assessed in development?

A
  • use of hands
  • grasp and fine pincer
  • bricks
  • crayon
  • puzzles
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33
Q

What causes head lag?

A

the lack of the maturity of neck muscles

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34
Q

What is the position of newborns generally?

A

limited flexed, symmetrical posture

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35
Q

Do new borns have head lag?

A

marked head lag on pulling up (due to lack of mature neck muscles)

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36
Q

What is the neck position that 6-8 weeks babies are capable of generally?

A

raise head to 45 degree in prone

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37
Q

What is the position of 6-8 months when sitting generally?

A

sit without support

  • 6 months: round back
  • 8 months: straight back
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38
Q

When do babies begin to roll?

A

3-5 months

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39
Q

When do babies begin to crawl?

A

8-9 months

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40
Q

When do babies begin to use furniture to move around using furniture?

A

10 months

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41
Q

Is a baby able to walk at 12 months?

A
  • walks unsteadily
  • broad gait
  • hards are apart
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42
Q

When is a baby able to walk for distance, reliably?

A

15 months

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43
Q

What are the variations in which babies can go from sitting to walking?

A
  • commando crawl

- bottom-shuffling

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44
Q

When is a baby able to follow a moving object/face by turning the head?

A

6 weeks

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45
Q

When does a baby start to reach out for toys?

A

4 months

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46
Q

When does a baby develop a palmar grasp?

A

4-6 months

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47
Q

When is a baby able to transfer toys from one hand to another?

A

at around 7 months

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48
Q

What is an inferior grasp?

A

when something is held and grasped with the whole hand

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49
Q

When does a baby develop a mature pincer grasp?

A

10 months

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50
Q

What is a mature pincer grasp?

A

able to hold a small object with the thumb and index finger

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51
Q

When is a baby able to make marks with a crayon?

A

16-18 months

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52
Q

How do they assess drawing capability?

A

ability to copy sheets that increase in complexity

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53
Q

How do they assess cognitive and fine motor skills at 3 years old?

A
  • build a 3 brick bridge

- can they pass an object through the opening of the bridge?

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54
Q

What is the first sign that a baby is able to hear?

A

startling to loud noises

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55
Q

When do babies begin to startle to loud noises?

A

as a newborn

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56
Q

When does a baby begin to vocalise alone or when spoken to, coos and laughs?

A

3-4 months

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57
Q

When do babies begin to turn to soft sounds out of sight?

A

7 months

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58
Q

When do babies begin to speak?

A

at 7-10 months

59
Q

How could you describe a babies first attempts at speech (7 months)?

A

sounds are used indiscriminately

60
Q

How could you describe a babies babble (10 months)?

A

sounds are used discriminately

61
Q

What is the basis of the hearing distraction test done at 7 months?

A

turning to soft sounds out of sight

62
Q

What is polysyllabic babble?

A

multiple different tones

63
Q

What does a polysyllablic babble indicated?

A

ability to hear, those that are HOH produce more monotone babble

64
Q

When do babies start to speak with around 2-3 words?

A

12 months

65
Q

When do babies start to speak with around 6-10 words?

A

18 months

66
Q

What should babies at around 18 months be able to do in response to speech?

A

point to at least 2 different body parts

67
Q

When will a baby be able to use 2 or more words to make simple phrases?

A

20-24 months

68
Q

When will a baby be able to talk constantly in 3-4 word sentances?

A

21/2 to 3 years

69
Q

When is a baby able to hold a spoon and get food safely to the mouth?

A

at around 18 months

70
Q

When is a baby able to develop imaginative play?

A

18-24 weeks

71
Q

When does a baby begin to smile in response?

A

6 weeks

72
Q

When does a baby begin to put food in their mouth?

A

6-8 months

73
Q

When is a baby able to wave goodbye and play peekaboo?

A

10-12 months

74
Q

When is a baby able to drink from a cup with 2 hands?

A

12 months

75
Q

What can prolonged bottle use cause?

A
  • delayed speech development

- dental cavities

76
Q

When is a baby able to start toilet training (dry by day and pulls off some clothing)?

A

2 years

77
Q

When is a baby able to partake in parallel and interactive play, and share?

A

21/2-3 years

78
Q

When is a baby able to stand independently?

A

1 year

79
Q

When is a baby able to walk independently?

A

15-18 months

80
Q

When is a baby able to run and jump?

A

21/2 years

81
Q

What are the different possible patterns of abnormal development?

A
  • slow but steady
  • plateau
  • regression
82
Q

What is the limit age for head control?

A

4 months

83
Q

What is the limit age for sitting unsupported?

A

9 months

84
Q

What is the limit age for standing independently?

A

12 months

85
Q

What is the limit age for walking independently?

A

18 months

86
Q

What indicates normal motor development of neck control?

A
  • pushes up on arms

- holds head up

87
Q

What indicates abnormal motor development of neck control?

A
  • unable to lift head
  • stiff extended legs
  • constant fisted head
  • single stiff leg
  • pushing back with head
  • difficulty moving out of position
88
Q

What indicates abnormal motor development of sitting?

A
  • floppy trunk
  • stiff arms, extended legs
  • crossed legs
  • flexed arms
  • unable to lift head
89
Q

What indicates abnormal motor development of pulling to stand?

A
  • stiff legs, pointed toes
  • cannot crawl
  • only use one side of body to move
  • unable to weight bear
90
Q

What indicates abnormal motor development of standing independantly?

A
  • arms stiff and bent
  • excessive tiptoe gait
  • sits with weight to one side
  • one hand used for play
  • one leg may be stiff
91
Q

What does abnormal motor development suggest?

A

cerebral palsy

92
Q

What is the limit age for fixing and following objects visually?

A

3 months

93
Q

What is the limit age criteria for gross motor development?

A
  • head control
  • sitting unsupported
  • standing independently
  • walking independently
94
Q

What is the limit age criteria for vision and fine motor development?

A
  • fixes and follows visually
  • reaches for objects
  • transfers
  • pincer grip
95
Q

What is the limit age for reaching for objects?

A

6 months

96
Q

What is the limit age for object transfers?

A

9 months

97
Q

What is the limit age for pincer grip?

A

12 months

98
Q

What is the limit age criteria for hearing, speech and language development?

A
  • polysyllabic babble
  • consonant babble
  • saying 6 words with meaning
  • joins words
  • 3-word sentances
99
Q

What is the limit age for polysyllabic babble?

A

7 months

100
Q

What is the limit age for consonant babble ?

A

10 months

101
Q

What is the limit age for saying 6 words with meaning?

A

18 months

102
Q

What is the limit age for joining words?

A

2 years

103
Q

What is the limit age for 3 word sentences?

A

2 1/2 years

104
Q

What is the limit age criteria for social, emotional behaviour development?

A
  • smiles
  • fear of strangers
  • feeds self/spoon
  • symbolic play
  • interactive play
105
Q

What is the limit age for smiles?

A

8 weeks

106
Q

What is the limit age for fear of strangers?

A

10 months

107
Q

What is the limit age for feeds self/spoon?

A

18 months

108
Q

What is the limit age for symbolic play?

A

2-2 1/2 years

109
Q

What is the limit age for interactive play?

A

3-3 1/2 years

110
Q

How does gross motor development tend to progress?

A
  • acquisition of tone and head control
  • primitive reflexes disappear
  • locomotor patterns
  • standing, walking, running
  • hopping, jumping, peddling
111
Q

How does vision and fine motor development tend to progress?

A
  • visual alertness, fixing and following
  • grasp reflex, hand regard
  • voluntary grasping, pincer, points
  • handles objects with both hands, transfers from hand to hand
  • writing, cutting, dressing
112
Q

How does hearing, speech and language development tend to progress?

A
  • sound recognition, vocalisation
  • babbling
  • single words, understands simple requests
  • joining words, phrases
  • simple and complex conversation
113
Q

How does social, emotional behaviour development tend to progress?

A
  • smiling, socially responsive
  • separation anxiety
  • self-help skills, feeding, dressing, toileting
  • peer group relationships
  • symbolic play
  • social/communication behaviour
114
Q

What are the key components of the Healthy Child Programme?

A
  • screening
  • general examination and immunisation
  • health education/promotion
115
Q

What parts of the Healthy Child program are done at <12 weeks pregnancy?

A
  • Hbopathy
  • Rhesus
  • infections
116
Q

What parts of the Healthy Child program are done at 12 weeks pregnancy?

A

US scan dating and nuchal (down syndrome)

117
Q

What parts of the Healthy Child program are done at 18-20 weeks pregnancy?

A

US scan detailed

118
Q

What parts of the Healthy Child program are done at birth?

A
  • newborn bloodspot
  • hearing and physical screen
  • birth visit
119
Q

What parts of the Healthy Child program are done at 2-4 weeks post birth?

A

10-14 day visit

120
Q

What is involved in the health promotion aspect of the Health Child program?

A
  • relationships
  • breast feeding
  • vaccination
  • weaning
  • injury prevention
  • physical activity
  • nutrition
121
Q

What parts of the Healthy Child program are done at 6-8 weeks post birth?

A
  • physical examination
  • start of immunisation
  • 6-8 week review
122
Q

What parts of the Healthy Child program are done at 8-12 months post birth?

A

first year review

123
Q

What parts of the Healthy Child program are done at 2 years post birth?

A

2 year review

124
Q

What parts of the Healthy Child program are done at 3 years post birth?

A

end of initial immunisation program

125
Q

What parts of the Healthy Child program are done at 4-5 years post birth?

A
  • vision

- school entry review

126
Q

What parts of the Healthy Child program are done at 5-11 years post birth?

A

share information about pre-school background

127
Q

What is involved in the health promotion aspect of the Health Child program at 5-11 years?

A

promoting a healthy weight

128
Q

What parts of the Healthy Child program are done at 11-16 years post birth?

A
  • health review at school transition at 10-11 and 15-16 years
  • immunisation
129
Q

What is involved in the health promotion aspect of the Health Child program at 11-16 years?

A
  • sexual health

- promote a healthy weight

130
Q

What parts of the Healthy Child program are done at 16-19 years post birth?

A
  • share information from school with adult services

- immunisation review

131
Q

What is involved in the health promotion aspect of the Health Child program at 16-19 years?

A
  • sexual health

- encourage physical activity

132
Q

How do you evaluate a child with abnormal development?

A 
Hx:
- parental concern
- birth Hx
- family Hx
PMHx
- developmental Hx
- current skills
Examination
- developmental assessment (general and neurological)
- investigations
133
Q

What is the general approach to a development assessment?

A
  • ask
  • observe
  • task
134
Q

What are the key things that need to be considered when taking a developmental assessment?

A
  • milestones proceeding age
  • expected milestones for age
  • next important milestones
135
Q

What are the factors that can cause developmental delay?

A
  • ill health
  • lack of physical/psychological stimuli
  • sensory/motor impairment
  • reduced inherent potential
136
Q

What are the different types of development delay?

A
  • global

- specific

137
Q

What are the different types of specific development delay?

A
  • language
  • motor
  • sensory
  • cognitive
138
Q

What are the possible causes of global development delay?

A
  • chromosomal abnormalities
  • metabolic
  • antenatal and perinatal factors
  • environmental-social issues
  • chronic illness
139
Q

What chromosomal abnormalities can cause global development delay?

A
  • downs syndrome

- fragile X

140
Q

What metabolic issues can cause global development delay?

A
  • hypothyroidism

- inborn errors of metabolism

141
Q

What antenatal and perinatal factors can cause global development delay?

A
  • infections
  • drugs/toxins
  • anoxia
  • trauma
  • folate deficiency
142
Q

What are the possible causes of motor development delay?

A
  • cerebral palsy
  • social deprivation
  • congenital hip dislocation
  • muscular dystrophy (Duchenne’s)
  • neural tube defects (spina bifida)
  • hydrocephalus
  • global delay
143
Q

What are the possible causes of language development delay?

A
  • hearing loss
  • learning disability
  • autistic spectrum disorder
  • lack of stimulation
  • impaired comprehension of language (developmental dysphasia)
  • impaired speech production (stammer, dysarthria)
144
Q

What are the commonly used assessment tools?

A
  • standardised tests
  • schedule of growing skills (II)
  • Griffith’s developmental scale
  • Bailey developmental scale
  • Denver developmental screening tests

BRS YR2 (70 decks)

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