Infertility Flashcards
What is infertility?
The failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after >12 months of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse
What is primary infertility?
When the person has NOT had a live birth previously
What is secondary infertility?
When they have had a live birth, conceiving after more than 12 months of regular, unprotected sex
How common is infertility?
1/7 couples affected
half will conceive in the following 12 months
How often do struggling couples seek help?
55%*
* positive association with socioeconomic status
What are the most common causes of infertility in a couple?
- male factor (30%)
- female factor (30%)
- combined male and female factor (30%)
- unknown factor (10%)
What is the impact of infertility on the couple?
- psychological distress to the couple
- no biological child
- impact on the couples wellbeing
- impact on the larger/extended family
- investigations
- treatments (can be costly, often fail)
What is the impact of infertility on society?
- less births
- less tax income
- investigation costs
- treatment costs
What are pre-testicular causes of male infertility?
Congenital and acquired endocrinopathies
- klinefelters
- Y chromosome deletion
- HPG, T, PRL
What are testicular causes of male infertility?
- Congenital
- Cryptorchidism
- Infections (STIs)
- Immunological (Antisperm Abs)
- Vascular (Varicocoele)
- Trauma/surgery
- Toxins (Chemo, DXT, Drugs, Smoking)
What are post-testicular causes of male infertility?
- Congenital (no vans deferens in CF)
- Obstructive Azoospermia
- Erectile Dysfunction (Psychological, Retrograde Ejaculation, Mechanical Impairment)
- Iatrogenic (Vasectomy)
What is Crytorchidism?
Undescended testes (90% in the inguinal canal)
What are the pelvic causes of infertility in women?
(5%)
- endometriosis
- adhesions
What are tubal causes of infertility in women?
(30%) Tubopathy due: - infection - endometriosis - trauma
What are ovarian causes of infertility in women?
(40%)
- anovulation (endo)
- corpus luteum insufficiency
What are the cervical causes of infertility in women?
(5%)
Ineffective sperm penetration due to:
- chronic cervicitis
- immunological (antisperm Ab)
What are the uterine causes of infertility in women?
(10%) Unfavourable endometrium due to: - chronic endometritis (TB) - fibroid - adhesions (synechiae) - congenital malformation
What is endometriosis?
- presence of functioning endometrial tissue outside of the uterus, that responds to Oestrogen
(5% of women)
What are the symptoms of endometriosis?
- increased menstrual pain
- menstrual irregularities
- deep dyspareunia
- infertility
What are the treatments available for endometriosis?
- hormonal (continuous OCP, progesterone)
- laprascopic ablation
- hysterectomy
- bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
What are fibroids?
Benign tumours of the myometrium, responds to oestrogen
1-20% of per-menopausal women - increases with age
What are the symptoms of fibroids?
Usually asymptomatic
- increased menstrual pain
- menstrual irregularities
- deep dyspareunia
- inferility
What are the treatments available for fibroids?
- Hormonal (continuous OCP, progesterone, continuous GnRH agonists)
- Hysterectomy
What are the secretion patterns of GnRH and LH?
pulsatile
What are the secretion patterns of sex steroids?
diurnal rhythm
What are the clinical presentations of Turners Syndrome?
Hypergonadotrophic
(high LH and FSH)
Hypogonadism
(low testosterone)
How common is Turners Syndrome?
1/2500 live female births
What are the symptoms of Turners Syndrome?
- short
- low hairline
- shield chest
- characteristic facies
- webbed neck
- coarctation of aorta
- poor breast development
- elbow deformity
- underdeveloped reproductive tract
- amenorrhoea
- brown nevi
- short 4th metacarpal
- wide-spaced nipples
What should the history for female infertility include?
Hx of PC: - duration? PMHx: - previous children, breastfeeding? - pubertal milestones - menstrual history (oligomenorrhoea, associated symptoms) - medical and surgical history Family Hx Social Hx
What should be included in an examination for female infertility?
- BMI
- sexual characteristics
- hyperadrenogenism signs
- pelvic exam
- syndromic features
- anosmia
- other endocrine signs
What are the main investigations done for female infertility?
Blood tests Preganancy test (urine or serum HCG) Urine test Chlamydia swab Ultrasound (transvaginal) Hysterosalpingogram MRI pituitary (if low LH/FSH or high PRL)
Which blood tests should be done when concerned about female infertility?
- LH, FSH, PRL
- Oestradiol, Androgens
- Follicular phase 17-OHP
- Mid-luteal progesterone
- Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)
- Albumin
- Iron
- Pituitary/thyroid profile
- Karyotyping
How common is PCOS?
- affects 5-15% of women of reproductive age
- family history (frequent)
- most common endocrine disorders in women
- most common cause of infertility in women
Which criteria is used to diagnose PCOS?
The rotterdam PCOS diagnostic criteria (2/3)
What are the 3 factors of an PCOS diagnosis?
- oligo or anovulation
- clinical / biochemical hyperandrogenism
- polycystic ovaries
How to assess oligo or anovulation in possible PCOS?
normally by menstrual frequency (oligomenorrhoea)
- <21 days, or >35 day cycles
- <8/9 cycles/year
- > 90 days for any cycle
anovulation can be proved by: lack of progesterone rise or an Ultrasound