Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BRS YR2 > Cortical Organisation and Function > Flashcards

Cortical Organisation and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the cerebral cortex?

A
  • Molecular layer
  • External granular layer
  • External pyramidal layer
  • Internal granular layer
  • Internal pyramidal layer
  • Multiform layer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the structures of the columns in the cerebral cortex?

A
  • Small pyramidal neuron
  • Granule (sellate) neuron
  • Large pyramidal neuron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is cytoarchitecture?

A

Cell size, spacing or packing density and layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the role of the frontal lobe?

A
  • Regulating and initiating motor function
  • Language
  • Cognitive functions (executive)
  • Attention
  • Memory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the role of the parietal lobe?

A
  • Sensation (touch and pain)
  • Sensory aspects of language
  • Spatial orientation
  • Self-perception
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the role of the occipital lobe?

A
  • Processing visual information
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the role of the temporal lobe?

A
  • Auditory processing
  • Emotions
  • Memories
  • Language
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What structures are included in the limbic lobe?

A
  • Amygdala
  • Hippocampus
  • Mammillary body
  • Cingulate Gyrus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the role(s) of the limbic lobe?

A
  • Learning
  • Memory
  • Emotion
  • Motivation
  • Reward
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where is the insular cortex?

A

Deep within the lateral fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the insular cortex involved in?

A
  • Visceral sensations
  • Autonomic control
  • Interoception
  • Auditory processing
  • Visual-vestibular integration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is grey matter comprised of?

A
  • Neuronal cell bodies
  • Gilal cells
    (85 million each)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is white matter comprised of?

A

Myelinated neuronal axons (arranged in tracts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do white matter tracts do?

A

Connect cortical areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are association fibres?

A

White matter that connects areas in the same hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are commissural fibres?

A

White matter that connects homologous structures in the left and right hemispheres.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are projection fibres?

A

White matter that connects the cortex with lower brain structures (thalamus, brainstem and spinal cord)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 4 main association fibres?

A
  • short ‘u’ fibres
  • Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus
  • Arcuate Fasciculus
  • Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus
  • Uncinate Fasciculus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the superior longitudinal fasciculus connect?

A

The frontal and occipital lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the arcuate fasciculus connect?

A

The frontal and temporal lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the inferior longitudinal fasciculus connect?

A

The temporal and occipital lobes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the uncinate fasciculus connect?

A

The anterior frontal and temporal lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 2 main commissural fibres?

A
  • Corpus callosum

- Anterior commissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 2 different directions of projection fibres?

A
  • Afferent (towards the cortex)

- Efferent (away from the cortex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

Projection fibres deeper to the cortex that converge through the internal capsule between the thalamus and the basal ganglia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Characteristics of the primary cortices?

A
  • Predictable function
  • Topographical organisation
  • Symmetrical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the role of the primary motor area of the frontal lobe?

A

Fine, discrete, precise and voluntary movements

descending signals for movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the role of the supplementary motor area of the frontal lobe?

A

Involved in planning complex movements
(externally cued)
learnt movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the role of the premotor area of the frontal lobe?

A

Involved in planning movements

internally cued

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the role of the primary somatosensory area of the parietal lobe?

A

Processes somatic sensations from the rest of the body:

  • Fine touch
  • Vibration
  • Two-point discrimination
  • Proprioception
  • Pain
  • Temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the role of the somatosensory association of the parietal lobe?

A
  • Interprets the significance of the sensory information

- Awareness of self and awareness of personal space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the role of the primary visual area of the occipital lobe?

A

Processing visual stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the role of the visual association of the occipital lobe?

A

Provides meaning and interpretation of the visual input.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the role of the primary auditory region of the temporal lobe?

A

Processes auditory stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the role of the auditory association in the temporal lobe?

A

Gives meaning and interprets the auditory input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the role of the prefrontal cortex?

A
  • Attention
  • Changes to social behaviour
  • Planning
  • Personality expression
  • Decision making
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the role of Broca’s area?

A

Production of language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the role of Wernicke’s area?

A

The understanding of language

39
Q

What is the effect of frontal lobe lesions?

A
  • Changes in personality

- Inappropriate behaviour

40
Q

What is the effect of parietal lobe lesions?

A
  • Contralateral neglect
  • Lack of awareness of self (opposite side to site of the lesion)
  • Lack of awareness of extrapersonal space
    (opposite side to site of the lesion)
41
Q

What is the effect of temporal lobe lesions?

A
  • Agnosia (unable to recognise)

- Anterograde amnesia (unable to form new memories)

42
Q

What is the effect of a lesion to Broca’s area?

A 
Expressive aphasia 
(poor production of speech, comprehension intact)
43
Q

What is the effect of a lesion to Wernicke’s area?

A

Receptive aphasia

poor comprehension of speech, production is fine

44
Q

What is the effect of lesions to the primary visual cortex of the occipital lobe?

A

Blindness in the corresponding region of the visual field (opposite side of lesion).

45
Q

What effect does a lesion to the visual association cortex of the occipital lobe have?

A

Deficits in interpretation of visual information

  • prosopagnosia: unable to recognise or learn faces
  • agnosia (inability to recognise colour)
46
Q

What are the 2 forms of imaging cortical function?

A
  • PET (positron emission tomography)

- fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging

47
Q

What does a PET scan indicate?

A

The blood flow into the region

48
Q

What does the fMRI scan show?

A

The blood oxygen levels in the brain region.

49
Q

What are the 2 forms of encephalography used to assess cortical function?

A
  • EEG (electroencephalography)
  • MEG
    (magentoencephalography)
50
Q

What does a EEG measure?

A

The electrical signals produced by the brain

51
Q

What does a MEG measure?

A

The magnetic signals produced by the brain

52
Q

How does the EEG assess the cortical function?

A
  • Visual evoked potentials

- Event-related potentials/evoked potentials

53
Q

What is a DTI?

A

Diffusion tensor imaging

based on the diffusion of water molecules

54
Q

What is a DTI with tractography

A

A 3D reconstruction used to assess the neural tracts.

55
Q

What does tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation) involve?

A

Using a low direct current over the scalp to increase or decrease neuronal firing rates

56
Q

What has tDCS been proven as a promising treatment for?

A
  • Drug-resistant epilepsy

- Major depressive disorder

57
Q

What does TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) involve?

A

Using electromagnetic induction to stimulate neurons

58
Q

What does TMS assess?

A

The functional integrity of neural circuts

59
Q

What has TMS been seen as a promising treatment of?

A
  • Migraines
  • Depression
  • Tinnitus
  • Epilepsy
60
Q

What can TMS be used to investigate?

A
  • Neural interactions controlling movement following spinal cord lesions
  • The responsibility of different parts of the brain
61
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A
  • covers the entire surface of the brain
  • together with deep nuclei, contains grey matter
  • highly folded with gyri and sulci
  • organised into lobe
62
Q

What sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobe?

A

the central sulcus

63
Q

What seperates the parietal and occipital lobe?

A

parieto-occipital sulcus

64
Q

What seperates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobe?

A

lateral fissure

65
Q

What fissure separates the 2 hemispheres?

A

deep longitudinal fissure

66
Q

What are the characteristics of secondary cortices?

A
  • less predictable
  • not organised topographically
  • left-right symmetry weak or absence
67
Q

What happens if you have a lesion on the right parietal lobe?

A

left contralateral neglect

- lack of self-awareness and spatial awareness

68
Q

What is neglect?

A
  • lack of awareness of sensory information in the visual field
  • result of parietal lobe damage
69
Q

What is agnosia?

A

the inability to recognise objects

70
Q

Where is Broca’s area?

A

in the frontal lobe

71
Q

Where is the internal capsule?

A

in the subcortical area of the brain beneath the cerebral cortex

72
Q

What is an Event-related potential?

A
  • Stimulus to median nerve
  • Somatosensory activity
  • Thalamic activity
  • Mid-cervical activity
  • Impulses arriving at shoulder
  • A series of waves that reflects sequential activation of neural structures along the somatosensory pathways.
73
Q

What is the benefits of MEG and EEG?

A
  • the position of the coil can be applied in specific area to narrow muscles of interest since the primary motor cortex is topographically organised.
  • good temporal resolution
74
Q

When are EEGs used?

A

in the diagnosis of epilepsy and sleep disorders

75
Q

What is the checkerboard flip test?

A
  • visual stimuli (flipped checkerboard)
  • electrical signals between relevant electrodes are graphed
  • height: amplitude (strength)
  • width: latency (speed)
76
Q

How does an EEG of somatosensory evoked potentials work?

A
  • stimulation given to the median nerve

- series of waves that reflect sequential activation of neural structures along the somatosensory pathways

77
Q

What is brain stimulation?

A
  • use of electromagnetic induction to stimulate neurons
  • (TMS)
  • assesses the functional integrity of neural circuits
78
Q

What is spatial resolution?

A

how accurately the measured activity is localised within the brain

79
Q

What is temporal resolution?

A

the accuracy of the scanner in relation of time: or how quickly the scanner can detect changes in brain activity

80
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

is an autoimmune disorder which results in the loss of myelin from neurons of the central nervous system

81
Q

What are the symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis?

A
  • blurred vision
  • fatigue
  • difficulty walking
  • numbness or tingling (paraesthesia) in different parts of the body
  • muscle stiffness and spasms
82
Q

How can we confirm that the conduction problem in MS is associated with the CNS not the PNS?

A
  • brain stimulation (total motor conduction time = delayed)

- peripheral nerve stimulation (peripheral motor conduction time = normal)

83
Q

What happens in peripheral sensory nerve stimulation?

A
  • EEG
  • Record along the path, assessing the integrity of the sensory pathway (Routinely conducted in individuals with spinal cord injury).
  • Multiple peripheral nerves can be assessed –ascertain where the signal is blocked.
84
Q

What does orthodromic mean?

A

travelling in the normal direction in a nerve fibre

85
Q

What is an M wave?

A

the fast response to the activation of motor axons

86
Q

What is a H-reflex?

A

induces an indirect response of the motor neurone via a monosynaptic reflex in the spinal cord

  • activation of the sensory axons as well as the motor
  • action potentials from nerve to spinal cord
  • causing LMN in the spinal cord to be activated
  • action potentials in motor axons can cause muscle contraction (twitch)
87
Q

What is an F-wave?

A

later response (NOT REFLEX) to stimulation

  • a large electrical stimulus can cause activation of the motor axons to conduct antidromically
  • LMN in the spinal cord are activated
  • initiating muscle contraction (twitch)
88
Q

How do you produce motor-evoked potential?

A

Cortical motor stimulation using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
- UMNs causes action potentials to travel along the entire motor pathway (UMN and LMN) to cause muscle contraction

89
Q

What is the total motor conduction time?

A

19.5/26.5ms

total time from primary motor cortex to muscle

90
Q

What is the peripheral motor conduction time?

A

13.6/12.7ms

time from spinal cord to muscle along motor axon

91
Q

What is the central motor conduction time?

A

5.9/13.9ms

92
Q

What does antidromic mean?

A

travelling in the opposite direction to normal in a nerve fibre

93
Q

What is stimulus artefact?

A

the interference between the electrodes

BRS YR2 (70 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions