Pharmacology of Depression Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mechanism of action of sertraline?

A
  • Inhibition of serotonin reuptake; accumulation of serotonin
  • which plays a role in regulation of mood, personality and wakefulness
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2
Q

What is the drug target of sertraline?

A

serotonin transporter

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3
Q

What are the main side effects of sertraline?

A
  • GI effects (nausea, diarrhoea)
  • sexual dysfunction
  • anxiety
  • insomnia
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4
Q

What is the other minor effect of sertraline?

A

mild inhibition of the dopamine transporter

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5
Q

What is the process of discontinuing sertraline?

A

gradually decreased over time

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6
Q

What is the possible side effects of sertraline at high doses?

A

partial inhibition of CYP2D6

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7
Q

What is the primary mechanism of action of citalopram?

A

Inhibition of serotonin reuptake; accumulation of serotonin

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8
Q

What is the drug target of citalopram?

A

Serotonin transporter

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9
Q

What are the main side effects of citalopram?

A
  • GI effects (nausea, diarrhoea)
  • sexual dysfunction
  • anxiety
  • insomnia
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10
Q

What are the other minor effects of citalopram?

A

mild antagonism of muscarinic and histamine (H1) receptors)

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11
Q

What is citalopram metabolised by?

A

CYP2C19

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12
Q

What is the process of discontinuing citalopram?

A

gradually decreased over time

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13
Q

What is the primary mechanism of action of Fluoxetine?

A

Inhibition of serotonin reuptake; accumulation of serotonin

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14
Q

What is the drug target of Fluoxetine?

A

Serotonin transporter

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15
Q

What are the main side effects of Fluoxetine?

A
  • GI effects (nausea, diarrhoea)
  • sexual dysfunction
  • anxiety
  • insomnia
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16
Q

What are the other minor effects of Fluoxetine?

A
  • Mild antagonism of 5HT2A and 5HT2C receptors

- Complete inhibition of CYP2D6 and significant inhibition of CYP2C19

17
Q

What drug contraindicates with Fluoxetine?

A

Warfarin

18
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Venlafaxine?

A

Inhibitor of serotonin reuptake, and a less potent inhibitor of norepinephrine reuptake
(noradrenalin - regulation of emotions and cognition)

19
Q

What is the drug target of Venlafaxine?

A

Serotonin and Noradrenalin transporter

20
Q

What are the main side effects of Venlafaxine?

A
  • GI effects (nausea, diarrhoea)
  • sexual dysfunction
  • anxiety
  • insomnia
  • hypertension (at higher doses)
  • prolonged QT interval
21
Q

What is the process of discontinuing Venlafaxine?

A

gradual decrease over time

22
Q

What is the primary mechanism of action of Mirtazapine?

A
  • Antagonises central pre-synaptic alpha-2-adrenergic receptors (increased release of serotonin and norepinephrine)
  • Antagonises central 5HT2 receptors, which leaves 5HT1 receptors unopposed causing anti-depressant effects.
23
Q

What are the drug targets of Mirtazapine?

A
  • alpha-2 receptor

- 5-HT2 receptor

24
Q

What are the main side effects of Mirtazapine?

A
  • weight gain

- sedation

25
Q

What are the less common side effects of Mirtazapine?

A
  • Low probability of sexual dysfunction.

- May exacerbate REM sleep behaviour disorder

26
Q

What are the disadvantages of taking Mirtazapine?

A
  • low selectivity

- highest affinity is to H1 receptors > sedation (not therapeutic objective)

27
Q

Why should you avoid taking erythromycin and citalopram simultaneously?

A
  • both prolong the Q-T interval
28
Q

What, other than drugs can increase the Q-T interval?

A
  • increasing age
  • female
  • CVD
  • certain metabolic disorders (hypokalaemia)
29
Q

What causes the plateau when studying the effectiveness of SSRIs?

A

there are only a limited amount of sodium reuptake sites, therefore they become fully blocked and maxed out, so an increased dose has no increased therapeutic effect.

30
Q

What are the main drug targets of Venlafaxine?

A
  • serotonin transporter

- noradrenaline transporter

31
Q

What are the main drug targets of Mirtazapine?

A
  • alpha 2 receptor
  • H1 receptor
  • 5-HT2 receptor
  • 5-HT3 receptor
32
Q

Why is there a washout period when changing anti-depressants?

A

risk of:

  • drug-drug interactions
  • serotonin syndrome
  • withdrawal symptoms
  • relapse
33
Q

What is the impact of Mirtazapine on sleep?

A
  • suppresses REM sleep

- increases sleep continuity and duration due to: anti-histaminergic effects

34
Q

Why does blood pressure need to be measured when administering Venlafaxine?

A
  • adrenergic effects of venlafaxine appear with doses administrated more than 150 mg/day
  • apparent increase in blood pressure and increased heart rate are observed when the daily dose exceeds 300 mg
35
Q

What receptor does Mirtazapine have the highest affinity for, and what is the effect?

A

Histamine (H1) receptor

- sedation

36
Q

What is the effect of Mirtazapine at low doses?

A
  • higher affinity for histamine receptors over serotonergic receptors
  • preferentially blocks the histamine receptor, therefore increased sleep and sedation
37
Q

What happens at high doses of Mirtazapine?

A

antihistamine effect is offset by increased noradrenergic transmission, reducing the sedating effect.