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Functional Architecture of the Body > Posterior abdominal wall > Flashcards

Posterior abdominal wall Flashcards

1
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall?

A
  • Psoas major
  • Psoas minor
  • Quadratus lumborum
  • Ileacus
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2
Q

What are the origins and insertions of psoas major?

A

Origins: Intervening discs, bodies and transverse processes of vertebrae L1-L5.

Insertions: Lesser trochanter (femur) – via iliopsoas tendon.

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3
Q

What is the innervation and function of psoas major?

A

Innervation: L1-L3 (segmental).

Functions: Flexes hip joint and trunk.

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4
Q

What are the origins and insertions of psoas minor?

A

Origins: Bodies of vertebrae T12-L1.

Insertions: Fascia over psoas muscle.

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5
Q

What is the innervation and function of psoas minor?

A

Innervation: L1.

Functions: Flexes spine.

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6
Q

What are the origins and insertions of quadratus lumborum?

A

Origins:

  • Transverse process of L5
  • Iliolumbar ligament
  • Iliac crest (posterior 1/3)

Insertions:

  • 12th rib
  • Transverse processes of L1-L4
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7
Q

What is the innervation and function of quadratus lumborum?

A

Innervation: T12-L4.

Functions:

  • Stabilises vertebral column
  • Flexes 12th rib
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8
Q

What are the origins and insertions of iliacus?

A

Origins: Iliac crest.

Insertions: Lesser trochanter (via iliopsoas tendon).

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9
Q

What is the innervation and function of iliacus?

A

Innervation: L2-L4 (femoral nerve).

Functions: Flexes hip joint.

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10
Q

How does the lumbar plexus form?

A
  • From anterior rami of upper 4 lumbar spinal nerves
  • In Psoas major
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11
Q

What are the branches of the lumbar plexus?

A
  • Iliohypogastric nerve (L1, main)
  • Ilioinguinal nerve (L1, collateral)
  • Genitofemoral nerve (L1,2)
  • Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (L2,3)
  • Femoral nerve (L2-4, posterior divisions)
  • Obturator nerve (L2-4, anterior divisions)
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12
Q

What does the ilioinguinal (L1) nerve supply?

A

Conjoint tendon (sensory)

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13
Q

What does the iliohypogastric nerve (L1) supply?

A

Conjoint tendon

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14
Q

Where does the ilioinguinal nerve originate?

A

As a collateral branch of the iliohypogastric nerve.

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15
Q

What does the femoral branch (L1) of the genitofemoral nerve supply?

A

Skin over upper anterior thigh.

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16
Q

What does the genital branch (L2) of the genitofemoral nerve supply?

A
  • Cremasteric muscles
  • Skin of anterior scrotum (males)
  • Skin of mans pubis & labia majora
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17
Q

What does the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (L2,3) supply?

A

Skin of the lateral thigh.

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18
Q

What does the femoral nerve (L2-4) supply?

A
  • Quadriceps muscles
  • Sartorius
  • Pectineus
  • Skin over thigh
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19
Q

What does the obturator (L2-4) supply?

A
  • Adductor muscles
  • Skin over medial thigh
20
Q

At what level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?

A

L4

21
Q

At what level does the IVC form?

A

L5

22
Q

What are the main tributaries of the IVC?

A
  • Inferior phrenic veins
  • Hepatic vein
  • Adrenal veins
  • Renal veins
  • Gonadal veins
  • Lumbar veins
23
Q

What structure pass through the diaphragm and at what vertebral levels?

A
  • Caval (T8): IVC, right phrenic nerve.
  • Anterior hiatus (T9): Superior epigastric artery.
  • Oesophageal hiatus (T10): Oesophagus, vagal trunks, lymphatics, oesophageal branches of left gastric vein.
  • Aortic hiatus (T12, posterior to crura): Aorta, azygos/hemi-azygos veins, thoracic duct.
  • Sympathetic chain passes through diaphragm posterior to medial arcuate ligament.
  • Subcostal neurovascular bundle passes though diaphragm posterior to lateral arcuate ligaments.
24
Q

What are the attachments of the diaphragm?

A

Anterior: Xephisternum

Lateral: Lower 6 ribs

Posterior: Various ligaments

25
Q

What are the attachments of the various posterior ligaments of the diaphragm?

A
  • Left crus: Body of L1-2 vertebrae
  • Right crus: Body of L1-3 vertebrae
  • Medial arcuate ligaments: Body of L2, transverse processes of L1
  • Lateral arcuate ligaments: Transverse processes of L1, 12th rib
26
Q

What are the relations of the genitofemoral nerve?

A
  • Exits psoas major on anterior surface
  • Femoral branch enters anterior compartment of the thigh in femoral sheath
  • Genital branch travels through the inguinal canal
27
Q

What are the relations of the ilioinguinal nerve?

A
  • Exits psoas major via lateral surface
  • Travels through the inguinal canal
28
Q

What are the relations of the iliohypogastric nerve?

A
  • Exits psoas major on lateral surface
29
Q

What are the relations of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh?

A
  • Enters the anterior compartment of the thigh medial to ASIS and posterior to inguinal ligament
30
Q

What are the relations of the femoral nerve?

A
  • Enters the anterior compartment of the thigh posterior to inguinal ligament
  • It lies outside the femoral sheath lateral to the femoral artery
31
Q

What are the relations of the obturator nerve?

A
  • Enters medial compartment of the thigh through the obturator foraman
32
Q

What are the branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

Unpaired visceral:

  • Coeliac trunk
  • SMA
  • IMA

Paired visceral:

  • Renal arteries
  • Middle adrenal adrenal arteries
  • Gonadal arteries

Parietal:

  • Inferior phrenic arteries
  • Lumbar arteries
  • Median sacral artery
33
Q

What are the asymmetries of the renal arteries and veins?

A
  • Right renal artery longer than the left
  • Right renal vein shorter than the left
34
Q

What are the lymph nodes associated with the abdominal aorta?

A
  • Pre-aortic lymph nodes: Anterior
  • Para-aortic lymph nodes: Lateral
35
Q

What do the pre-aortic lymph nodes drain?

A
  • GI tract
  • Spleen
  • Pancreas
  • Gallbladder
  • Liver
36
Q

What do the para-aortic lymph nodes drain?

A
  • Kidneys
  • Gonads
  • Adrenal glands
  • Lower limbs
  • Body wall
37
Q

What are the relations of vessels at the renal hila?

A
  • Renal veins are the most anterior structures
  • Renal arteries are behind the veins
  • Ureters are posterior
38
Q

What are the relative positions of the kidneys and adrenal glands?

A
  • The right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney
  • The right adrenal gland is associated with the upper pole of the right kidney
  • The left adrenal gland is associated with the medial border of the left kidney
39
Q

What are the muscular relations of the kidneys?

A
  • Superior: Diaphragm
  • Inferomedial: Psoas major
  • Inferior: Quadratus lumborum
  • Inferolateral: Transversus abdominis
40
Q

What are the surrounding structures of the kidneys?

A

The kidneys and adrenal glands are surrounded by perirenal fat, followed by a layer of renal fascia, followed by a layer of pararenal fat.

41
Q

How long are the ureters?

A

~25 cm

42
Q

What are the sites of constriction of the ureters?

A
  1. Pelviureteric junction
  2. Pelvic brim
  3. Junction with bladder
43
Q

What is the internal structure of a kidney?

A
  • Each kidney consists of an outer capsule, a cortex, medulla and a pelvis.
  • The renal medulla consists of renal pyramids.
  • The apex of each pyramid drains into a minor calyx (of which there are 2 rows of 7 per kidney).
  • The minor calyces join to form major calyces (of which there are 2-3).
  • The major calyces join to form the renal pelvis which drains into the ureter.
44
Q

What is the relation of the ureters to the iliac vessels?

A

At pelvic brim, the urters are anterior to the bifurcation of the common iliac artery.

45
Q

What are the bony relations of the ureters?

A
  1. Transverse processes of L1-5.
  2. Pelvic brim
  3. Ischial spine
46
Q

What is the parasympathetic supply to the abdominal viscera?

A
  • Vagus: Foregut and midgut
  • Pelvic splanchnic (S2-4): Hindgut
47
Q

What are the major plexuses in the abdomen?

A
  1. Coeliac plexus: Gives rise to the hepatic, splenic and renal plexuses. Supplies foregut
  2. Superior mesenteric plexus: Supplies midgut
  3. Inferior mesenteric plexus: Supplies hindgut
  4. Superior hyopgastric plexus: Gives rise to the inferior hypogastric plexuses supplying pelvic structures

Functional Architecture of the Body (33 decks)

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