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Sociology - Crime + Deviance and Theory + Methods > Post-Modernism, Late-Modernity + Globalisation > Flashcards

Post-Modernism, Late-Modernity + Globalisation Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 4 features of modern society

A
  • the nation-state
  • capitalism
  • rationality, science and technology
  • individualism
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2
Q

outline capitalism as a feature of modern society

A
  • the economy of mod societies is capitalist
  • wealth distribution is unequal - leading to class conflict
  • the nation-state maintains capitalism
  • modern industry operates of Fordist principles; cheap, mass production of consumer goods leading to a rising standard of living
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3
Q

outline rationality, science and technology as a feature of modern society

A
  • scientific, secular ways of thinking dominate + influences industry, medicine + communications
  • technology dominates social and economic life
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4
Q

outline individualism as a feature of modern society

A
  • tradition, custom and ascribed status becomes less important
  • greater personal freedom in choosing our lfie course + identity
  • structural inequalities still shape peoples identities + restrict their choices - like class
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5
Q

outline the nation state as a feature of modern society

A
  • the idea that countries are bounded territory ruled by a centralised state whose population shares the same language + culture
  • the nation state is an important source of identity for citizens, who identify with its symbols - like the flag
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6
Q

define globalisation

A
  • Globalisation = the process of increasing inter-connectedness of people across national boarders
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7
Q

what are 4 changes that came with globalisation

A
  • technology changes
  • cultural/ identity changes
  • political changes
  • economic changes
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8
Q

outline technology changes as a result of globalisation

A
  • people can now connect to anyone anywhere at any time with the use of developed technology (time-space compression)
  • e.g. WhatsApp, Instagram, Facetime
  • tech also brings risks to a global scale - e.g. greenhouse gases in one place lead to global climate changes
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9
Q

outline cultural/ identity changes as a result of globalisation

A
  • due to mass media, cultures are more blended (global culture)
  • the inc in tourists, asylum seekers, migrants help to create this
  • western owned companies spread west culture to the rest of the world
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10
Q

outline political changes as a result of globalisation

A
  • globalisation has undermined the power of the nation state
  • Ohmae: we now live in a borderless world in which the consumer has more economic power than governments
  • disorganised capitalism = states are now less able to control the activities of large capitalist enterprises
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11
Q

outline economic changes as a result of globalisation

A
  • economic activity takes place within a ever-greater interconnectedness
  • there is now an electric economy, in which money never sleeps and there are global 24hr financial transactions
  • this contributes to a risk society
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12
Q

outline the Postmodern view

A
  • we are now living in a new era of PM; a fragmented, unstable, media-saturated, society where image and reality are indistinguishable
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13
Q

outline Foucault’s view of postmodernity

A
  • all theories based on enlightenment are outdated and have no use
  • all previous theories are meta narratives/ big stories presenting one truth - which isn’t applicable in postmodern society
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14
Q

outline Lyotard’s view of postmodernity

A
  • due to competing views, there is a variety of truth within PM society
  • this variety of truth allows for more individualised experiences, in which marginalised voices can be heard in society
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15
Q

outline Baudrillard’s view of postmodernity

A
  • media offers signs/ simulacra which bear little resemblance to reality - which forms a hyperreality
  • PM culture has replaced reality with simulacra and so we can no longer distinguish reality from simulacra - this is evident in the media
  • making progress is near impossible
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16
Q

what do PMs say about culture

A
  • culture + identity in PM society differs from modern society - esp because of the role of the media
  • the media presents an endless stream of ever-changing images, values and versions of the truth
17
Q

what do PMs say about identity

A
  • identity has become destabilised; instead of a fixed identity from our ascribed status, we can construct ourselves from the lifestyles on offer from the media
  • we can simply change our identity from changing our consumption patterns
18
Q

what do PMs say about politics

A
  • media created hyperreality leave sus unable to distinguish image form reality
  • if we cannot grasp society - we have no power to change it. political activity to change it is useless
  • we can change our identity, but not society
19
Q

outline 2 PM evaluations from Philo and Miller

A

Philo + Miller (Marxists):
- PM ignores power and inequality (e.g. how media’s images and reality are unconnected ignores the ruling class’ use of media as a tool of domination)
- the claim that we freely construct our identities through consumption ignores effects of poverty

20
Q

outline late modernity

A
  • the rapid social changes are a continuation of modernity
  • key features of modernity that were always present have now become intensified
  • theories of modernist sociology are still useful - unlike in PM
21
Q

what does Giddens say are the 2 key features of late modernity

A
  • global, rapid social change is due to 2 things: disembedding and reflexivity
22
Q

outline Giddens view of disembedding in late modern society

A
  • disembedding = the idea that we no longer need face to face contact to interact - interactions are more impersonal
23
Q

outline Giddens view of tradition/ custom in late modern society

A
  • tradition + custom have become less important + no longer serve as a guide on how to act
  • we have become more individualistic
  • e.g. sons are no longer expected to follow the same occupation as their fathers
24
Q

outline Giddens view of reflexivity in late modern society

A
  • because tradition no longer tells us how to act, we become reflexive
  • we have to constantly monitor, reflect + modify our actions
  • we are also constantly revaluating our ideas and theories - nothing is fixed
  • due to this, culture is unstable + subject to change
25
Q

outline Giddens view of modernity + risk in late modern society

A
  • in late modernity, we face a number of high consequence risks
  • e.g. military risks of nuclear war. economic risks like instability of economy etc
  • all of these are manufactured rather than natural risks
  • Giddens reject the PM view that we cant intervene to improve things
26
Q

Late modernity: outline Becks ‘risk society’

A
  • the dangers we face today are man made resulting from human activity, in contrast to in the past - where there were natural dangers (e.g. drought)
  • there are 4 main types of risk
27
Q

name Becks 4 main types of risk

A
  • surveillance
  • escalation of military power
  • collapse of economic growth
  • environmental risks
28
Q

what does Beck mean by individualisation + reflexive modernisation

A
  • beck sees late modernity as a period of growing individualisation - in which we become increasingly reflexive
  • tradition no longer governs how we act and we have to reflect on our actions
  • reflexive modernisation = having to constantly take into account the risks attached to courses of action
29
Q

what does Beck mean by risk consciousness

A
  • as a result of risks, ‘risk consciousness’ becomes increasingly central to culture - we become more aware of risks and seek to avoid/ minimise them
30
Q

what is Beck’s stance on the enlightenment project

A
  • beck disagrees with Baudrillard who rejects the Enlightenment project (the possibility of progress through action based on rational knowledge)
  • he thinks we have the ability to use rationality to overcome risks
  • e.g. Beck looks to new political movements like environmentalism to challenge the direction of tech development
31
Q

outline evaluations of late modernity

A
  • the concept of reflexivity ignores the restrictions w/c people may have. e.g. people living in poverty are exposed to more environmental risks in a heavily polluted area
  • Rustin: criticises Beck, and says that capitalism is the source of risk - not technology
32
Q

what do postmodern Marxists believe

A
  • Jameson + Harvey: society has moved to postmodernity - in the sense that it is a later stage of capitalism
  • Harvey: capitalism is a dynamic system, constantly developing new technologies + way of maximising profit
  • Jameson: PM represents a developed version of capitalism as it commodifies all aspects of life
33
Q

outline PM Marxist’s idea of flexible accumulation

A
  • capitalist crisis gave rise to the new regime of accumulation - a new way of profit (flexible accumulation/ post Fordism)
  • FA involves the requirement for workers to be flexible to fit their employers’ needs
  • it favours the production of products for small, niche markets instead of standardised ones for mass markets
34
Q

what has flexible accumulation resulted in

A
  • FA brought many of the cultural changes of PM; such as diversity, choice + instability
  • e.g. production of customised products for niche markets promotes cultural diversity
    it also brought changes in consumption; turning leisure, culture + identity into commodities
35
Q

what does Harvey say about the development of Capitalism

A
  • this more developed form of capitalism leads to the compression of time + space
  • commodification of culture, creation of global markets, new information + technologies all serve to shrink the globe
36
Q

what do PM Marxists Harvey and Jameson say about politics + progress

A
  • H + J argue that flexible accumulation has brought political changes; e.g. weakening the w/c + socialist movements
  • in their place, oppositional movements have emerged, such as environmentalism, women’s rights etc
  • they are hopeful that a ‘rainbow alliance’ can occur in which different protest groups unite in a communist rebellion
  • thus, progress and change are difficult but hopeful
37
Q

outline evaluations of Postmodern Marxists

A
  • Marx’s original view of the enlightenment project was that it would be achieved by the w/c leading a revolution to overthrow capitalism. however, by accepting that political opposition to capitalism has been fragmented, a revolution is seemingly impossible
38
Q

outline a criticism of Lyotard’s theory

A
  • his theory is self-defeating; why should we believe a theory that says that no theory is true

Sociology - Crime + Deviance and Theory + Methods (10 decks)

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