Post industrial britain

Question 1

What was the new class that emerged as well as the lower and upper class?

Answer 1

Middle class
- had some money
- were professionals
- lot’s of free time
- literacy skills
- attended public schools
- worked as factory owners/ managers

Question 2

What were the advantages of the industrial revolution on the working class participation?

Answer 2

• half day saturdays
• increased travel
• middle class emerged increasing wealth
• middle class factory owners set up teams

Question 3

What were the disadvantages of the industrial revolution on working class participation?

Answer 3

• wages and disposable income was still low
• poor hygiene lead to illness
• long gruelling 72+ g
  hour shifts
• urbanisation reduced space and facilities

Question 4

Who were amateurs?

Answer 4

people who competed in sport but didn’t receive monetary reward for it

Question 5

What class did amateurism suite and why?

Answer 5

suited the middle and upper class

because they had money and participated leisurely not for monetary reward

Question 6

Who were professionals?

Answer 6

competed in sport earning an income from participation

Question 7

What class did professionalism suite and why?

Answer 7

suited the lower class

because they lacked money and participated competitively to win

Question 8

What was rugby lead and why was it created?

Answer 8

created so lower class people in the north could work as professionals getting payed to play rugby and therefore taking time off work

Question 9

What was rugby union and why was it created?

Answer 9

played in the south by upper and middle class amateurs who could afford to take time off work

Question 10

How did the status of women change in the late 19th century?

Answer 10

women had more rights to education and could become teachers and were also encouraged to take part in sport to improve health

Question 11

What sports did women participate in and why?

Answer 11

non- strenuous and violent sport

• lawn tennis
• badminton
• gymnastics

Question 12

How did education change in the late 19th century and why?

Answer 12

• education act in 1870 provided compulsory education for children age 5-13
• built on the public school provision and changed the status that only upper/ middle class went to school
• compulsory PE lessons were also part of this

Question 13

How did law and order change?

Answer 13

• better sense of law and order in streets
• society + sport became more sophisticated
• introduction of police force resulted in mob games being replaced by nationalised sport

Question 14

Why were the RSPCA formed and what did this result in?

Answer 14

resulted in most animal cruelty sports becoming illegal

dog and cock fighting banned

upper/ middle class who wrote the law didn’t ban fox hunting for themselves

Question 15

How did the perception of education change?

Answer 15

perception of education and literacy began to change, people thought it developed skill sets for employment and helped spread sport

many working class had little interest in education and wanted to work (child labour was common)

Question 16

How did money effect participation?

Answer 16

• middle/ upper class had money for sport specialist equipment and facilities
• lower class continued to have low wages limiting participation
• towards the end of the 19th century they had a small disposable income

Question 17

How did transport change?

Answer 17

greatly improved:
- walking
- horse and carriage
- boat
- bicycle
- train
- car for the rich

Question 18

What did improved transport lead to?

Answer 18

• standardisation of rules
• national/international fixtures
• increased participation
• horse racing became much more frequent due to railways

Question 19

What were public schools?

Answer 19

for the middle/upper class where parents payed a significant fee for their boys to attend

Question 20

How were public schools transformed?

Answer 20

transformed by Thomas Arnold head of rugby school who filled boys free time with structure and sport improving behaviour and education

Question 21

How did public schools promote and organise sport?

Answer 21

• created specialist facilities
• professional coaching
• character development
• inter house/school competitions
• compulsory sport
• codification of rules through NGB’S

Question 22

How did public schools promote ethics?

Answer 22

through regular sport involving high moral principles such as sportsmanship, fair play and respect

Question 23

What was muscular christianity?

Answer 23

high moral standard for fair play and respect in sport

Question 24

What was the cult of athleticism?

Answer 24

development of character through sport, a combination of physical integrity and moral endeavour

e.g truthfulness, respect, teamwork, courage and sportsmanship

Question 25

How did the cult of athleticism impact sport?

Answer 25

• encouraged physical endeavour
• structured rules
• developed NGB’S
• developed competitions +
  leagues
• promoted fair play + sportsmanship
• spread games through ex public school boys
• time devoted to sport and creation of specialist facilites

Question 26

Who were the old boys?

Answer 26

former sixth form students at public schools who planned and organised sporting activities and ran sports teams and house competitions