post industrial

Question 1

when was post industrial britain

Answer 1

1850-1900

Question 2

what was social class like during post industrial britain

Answer 2

• Stronger social class divisions
• New middle class emerged
• Amateurism vs professionalism - broken time payments (you could leave work to play sports and it wouldn’t affect wages - you could play for factory teams), the upper class were strictly amateur, however working class could become professionals + earn money
• Middle class manners now influenced the more respectful nature of sports pastimes, could afford some equipment, more educated, more time
• Middle class industrialists sent their sons to public schools - children can get educated

Question 3

what was education like during post industrial britain

Answer 3

• More literate - increased spectatorism (people watching)
• Working class initially had little interest in education
• Middle class industrialists sent their sons to public schools - children can get educated
• Public schools for middle + upper class

Question 4

what was law and order like during post industrial britain

Answer 4

• Police force established in London in 1929 - working conditions improved, they were protected by law - upper class were in charge, so the upper class sports that involve animals such as fox shooting was still allowed, despite lower class sports involving animals like cock fighting being banned
• Factory acts passed to improve working conditions
• More civilised, skill based sports - also less wagering
• Less blood sports and mob games banned
• RSPCA formed → couldn’t hunt certain animals, some sports involving animals were banned - regulations put out to protect animals

Question 4

what was availability of time like during post industrial britain

Answer 4

• Sports were more regular
• Public parks + public baths improved health of working class
• Factory teams enabled workers to play sports - e.g. arsenal was an ammunition factory - gunners. West ham was formed by workers at thames iron works - hammers

Question 5

what was transport like during post industrial britain

Answer 5

• Invention of steam train + locomotion
• Could transport goods and also transport people
• You could travel to other locations to play sport + play other teams + also to spectate (spectators could travel to watch) - had to standardise rules + make them written - need to have an education to understand rules → aids development of leagues + cups
• Standardised rules were needed - FA formed in 1863
• League cups + competitions were established - fa cup - anyone could take part
• Regional national + international competitions were possible - 1872: first international football match eng vs scotland
• Development of popular seaside resorts - brighton, blackpool - working + middle class could have some sort of time off/holiday - half day sat, sun off, 3pm football kickoff, accessible for people to watch as work has finished
• Greatest impact arguably on horse racing - can now transport horses - national meets - grand national

Question 6

what was availability of money like during post industrial britain

Answer 6

• Regular income for lower class - increased spectatorism
• Association football was cheap + became the peoples game (working class) → Kept workers healthy + loyal - broken time payments for working class
• Middle class families could afford a tennis set
• Upper class families continued their ‘country’ sports (hunting, shooting + fishing)

Question 7

what was gender like during post industrial britain

Answer 7

• Women were expected to marry + have children, education viewed as pointless + should be dainty not athletic - still have to dress certain ways
• Lawn tennis gave them some freedom to be athletic - middle class: could afford equipment and had time to play and were educated –> Still dressed modestly, not contact, could still keep their femininity
• Women campaigned for their rights
• sport was still male dominated

Question 8

what are the examples of sport during post industrial britain

Answer 8

• athletics
• association football
• cricket
• lawn tennis

Question 9

what was athletics like during post industrial britain

Answer 9

• Most major cities had a running track
• Amateur vs professionalism: Gentleman amateurs - AAC, Working Class Professionals - AAA
• Male dominated
• Ex-university gentleman amateurs established rules of AAC in 1866
• AAC excluded working class
• Fewer working hours, Saturday half day – increased spectatorism
• Paid to watch events and working class paid to run.

Question 10

what was association football like during post industrial britain

Answer 10

• Simple/affordable – suited Saturday half day
• Broken time payments for best players – professionalism which was
  frowned upon by gentleman amateurs
• FA established in 1863
• FA accepted professionalism when the Football league was founded in 1888
• Male dominated
• Increased literacy -newspaper coverage
• Gate money affordable
• Railways – rules were needed; spectators; regional/national/international;

Question 11

what was cricket like during post industrial britain

Answer 11

• National touring sides increased spectatorism e.g. William Clarke’s
  All England Eleven – first touring professional team
• WG Grace – amateur cricketing celebrity
• Strict class divide – amateur vs professionalism
• Ex-university gentleman amateurs took dominant roles
• Seasonal game
• Amateurs not paid to play but WG Grace was – Shamateur
• Railways

Question 12

what was lawn tennis like during post industrial britain

Answer 12

• Lawn tennis invented by middle class in 1874
• Amateur game
• Social occasion
• Seasonal game
• Clubs established by MC, park provision came later
• First Wimbledon was 1877
• Provided some freedom for women
• Written rules – invented by Army Major Wingfield
• LTA (lawn tennis association) established in 1888
• Railways less significant