20th century Flashcards
what continued in the 20th century
- Continued urbanisation
- Class divide
- Male dominated
- Impact of public schools;
- Gambling still essential
- Less free time for working class
- Working class women excluded by time and money
social class - early 20th century
- amateur and professional
- Sports were still divided by social class
- Working class e.g. association football + rugby league
- Upper class e.g. real tennis, polo, rugby union
- Middle class e.g. tennis, rugby union
- Social class divisions became more vague
Rugby association banned anyone from playing rugby union if they got paid to play - professionals banned. The working class then created rugby league - but it’s going to be professional - anyone can still be a professional. In rugby league there’s no complex breakdown, simplified version of rugby union - this rugby league was mainly working class up north. Rugby union did not become professional until 1995, upper class were very resistant, changed over night.
education - early 20th century
- Butler act 1944, was introduced to replace all previous legislation
- The act stated compulsory PE. education isn’t just academic but involved the whole person: spiritual, physical + vocational
availability of time - early 20th century
- More recreational time for upper and middle class from 1900-1960 - less for working class
- Average working week down to 40hrs
- Sport more regular - saturday afternoons + paid holidays
law + order - early 20th century
Impact of world war 1 1914-1918, world war 2 - 1939-1945:
- Sport used during the war as a tool to appease the social unrest in society
- War made sport less violence wanted so minor rule changes made to reduce remaining violence e.g. nature of tackling in football
- Paid holidays were granted (annual leave) and laws protected workers rights - more time and healthier - play more sport
transport - early 20th century
- Became easier by train, buses etc - mass transport improved
- Significant change: increased private car ownership and cheaper air travel
availability of money - early 20th century
- Unemployment post war meant less money
- Spectators could pay to watch
- Less participation in certain sports by working class e.g. golf
- Private schools were expensive
- Space for sport was expensive
- Paid holiday + higher average salary, working class now had a disposable income, people started to go to the pub - sports such as darts and dominoes flourished
gender - early 20th century
- Women’s right to vote 1917
- Women’s sports mainly amateur/professionalism in tennis and golf in late 1900s - still non contact, v sophisticated, dress appropriately
- Women had less variety of sports + fewer events in olympics
- Discrimination against women at golf clubs - male only, not allowed in club house etc
- Gender inequality and discrimination to greater equality + less discrimination
1960-2000 change (late 20th century)
- Communication technology improved - ideas spread
- Commercialisation improved: TVs show sport - millions watch. Use that to make money, advertisement
- High performance sport was a global product - olympics on tv
- air travel - mid week european matches
social class - late 20th century
- More time for middle class to participate/less for working class e,g, golf
- More money for middle classes to participate/less for working class e.g. skiing
- middle/upper classes associated with public/private schools
- Social class/boundaries are blurred
education - late 20th century
- Education reform act 1988 - reiterated the need for a broad curriculum.
Before comprehensive schools (1965), state education consisted of 3 types of schools, introduced by the education reform act: - Grammar - 11+ exam to get in, would go to uni if went to grammar
- Secondary modern , 4 year course then GCE, then enter work post school
- Secondary technical - less popular, those who failed 11+ could apply to go here aged 12/13
- Meant working class could gain an education, social classes became more blurred
availability of time - late 20th century
- More leisure time for many by 2000 - working week down to 40hrs
- Regular - but exclusive in terms of participation
- Weekends and accessible sports
- Paid holidays
law + order - late 20th century
- 1970-80s increased policing and fencing matches to deal with football hooligans (heysel, hillsborough), racism, homophobia
- Still no effect on ‘cruel’ activities for the upper class e.g. fox hunting
- Corruption in sport such as drugs, match fixing
transport - late 20th century
- Much more available to everyone - allowed mid week matches
- Car ownership and cheap air travel widespread by end of century
- Football, rugby, cricket and boxing all attracted huge crowds
- Travel to olympic games - a ‘shop window’ for the host city - shop window effect is when sport is used to promote a country or its political system
- air travel - mid week european matches
availability of money - late 20th century
- Spectators paid to watch sport
- Affected participation in certain sports e.g. gold expensive/exclusive
- Issue of unemployment post-war
- Expense of attending a private schools where there is a comprehensive sporting programme
- Darts, dominoes and billiards flourished in the pubs
- Space for sport was expensive
- Paid holiday + better pay
By the end of the 20th century, some sports at elite level had become global products played by media celebrities. BBC broadcast its first colour pic from Wimbledon 1967. Sky sports created prem league. E.g. david beckham
gender - late 20th century
- Opportunities increased from the 60s due to partly to the women’s liberation movement
- Swing towards ‘looking good’ and uncompetitive approach in 1960s e.g. aerobics, gymnastics
- By the end of the 20th century women still not participating in boxing
- Still more participation by men
- Womens sport lacks spectators, media and professionalism
case studies - 20th century
- Development in girls sports. Netball established in 1890s expands as a dominant female sport
- Women participated in men’s sports. Dick Kerr’s ladies football team, from preston. The FA banned women’s football at its members’ grounds in 1921. Ban rescinded in 1971
- Women’s role models created: helen wills 31 grand slam titles from 1923-1938 (tennis)
- First women’s olympic marathon in LA in 1984 and triple jump in atlanta in 1996
