exam qs Flashcards
Sports that involved cruelty to animals became less popular in post 1850 industrial Britain.
Examine two reasons for this (2)
- RSPCA formed
- Police force created, Metropolitan Police Act.
- New laws passed / Cruelty to Animals Act
passed - Urbanisation - Less people lived rurally so fewer sports involving animals took place.
- More civilised society - Society became less tolerant of cruelty
- Emerging middle class - Influenced workers / discouraged cruelty
Give two ways in which the development of the railways affected competitive sport in post 1850
industrial Britain. (2)
- individuals were able to travel to play
nationally. - Leagues and cup competitions instituted.
- More international teams and / or competitions.
- Standard of play improved
- Rationalisation of sports - Greater need for standardised rules.
- Allowed spectators to travel to support their team
Compare the characteristics of mob football and real tennis. (3)
mob football:
- Few rules /simple
- Unwritten rules
- Violence
- natural facilities
- Very simple equipment
- played Occasionally
- unlimited number of ppts
- local location
- Lower class ppts
- Not skilled
real tennis:
- Many rules /complex
- Written rules
- Civilized / not violent
- Purpose built facilities
- Specialist equipment
- played regularly
- limited number of ppts
- regional location / not local
- upper class ppts
- skilled
In post 1850 industrial Britain mob football declined as a pastime.
Explain how the following social and cultural factors contributed to this decline (3)
Education / literacy
Law and order
Availability of time
Education / literacy:
- Improved education for lower classes meant they could write / read rules / understand more complex modern sports
Law and order:
- Changes in law and order meant violence less tolerated / society more civilized.
- Police forces more widespread / arrests made for unruly behaviour
Availability of time:
- No time to play, most lower class worked in factories, long days, 6 days per week
- Factory owners required reliable work force so traditional holidays when mob games were played not given
In 2018 football and athletics awarded very different proportions of prize money to women. (prize gap massive for football, nearly 50/50 for athletics)
Suggest two social and cultural reasons for this difference (2)
- Participation in athletics was more socially acceptable for women than participation in football.
- Audiences were larger for women’s athletics than women’s football.
- There were less high profile performers in women’s football than athletics
- Women’s standards were higher in athletics than football.
- TV coverage of women’s athletics was equal with that of men. Women’s football was much less than men.
- Women had fewer opportunities in football than athletics.
Evaluate the effect of the differences in prize money shown (athletics and football prize gap) women’s participation in sport. (3)
- Sports with higher (proportions of) prize money may have higher participation rates
- Sports with higher (proportions of) prize money may provide more
role models which increase participation. - Sports with higher (proportions of) prize money may receive more media coverage / exposure encouraging participation.
- Sports with higher (proportions of) prize money may attract the most talented performers
Each society has created its own sports and games and these have become integrated into other societies through globalisation.
Explain how a sport of your choice has become globalised. (4)
(apply to specific sport)
- Free movement of competitors: Competitors and teams able to play in other countries
- Free movement of spectators:
Spectators able to travel to watch in other counties
- Worldwide media coverage - Sport is broadcast / covered by the media in other countries.
- Worldwide marketing - Sport is marketed in other countries by selling of clothing, merchandise etc.
Fig. 7.1 is a diagram showing the ‘golden triangle’ of commercialisation as it applied to the London Marathon in 2019.
- London Marathon (Sport)
- BBC Television (Media)
- Virgin Money (Sponsor)
Explain how each of these three components benefited from their interdependence. (5)
London Marathon (sport)
- Quality of race event / facilities -
Income from media / sponsors allows organisers to spend more on enhancing the race / experience for competitors
- High level athletes - Income from media / sponsors means race organisers can attract and pay for top athletes to compete.
- More sponsors - (Subsidiary) sponsors are attracted by extensive TV coverage
- More competitors / participants - High media profile will attract more participants in future years / more grass roots participants
Virgin Money (sponsor)
- Increased exposure - Increased brand awareness, increased sales
- Cheap advertising - Very cost effective compared to TV adverts.
- Positive associations - Virgin Money is associated with healthy, positive
activity.
BBC (media)
- Increased popularity - Increased viewer numbers
- Positive associations - Enhanced reputation from covering positive, healthy event.
- Increased profits - From sale of coverage to other networks
Compare the television coverage of sport in 1980 with that of today. (3)
1980s:
- Less sport broadcast
- Less live coverage
- Few channels, no sport specific channels, real time broadcast only
- All channels free to air
- Limited camera angles, no TV officials, only basic slow motion replay
- Very little women’s sport covered
- No / very few female commentators / presenters
Today:
- More sport broadcast
- Much more live coverage.
- Many channels, several sport specific channels, on demand
- Satellite subscription or pay per view
- Many varied camera angles, use of TV officials, extensive replays and computer aided analysis
- More women’s sport covered
- Increasing number of women commentators / pundits / presenters
Critically assess the impact of twenty-first century media coverage on elite sports performers. (3)
+ves:
- Athlete may become media personality / star
- Income may increase as a result of sponsorship etc.
- Athlete may receive kit or other rewards / opportunities to travel and compete in high level competitions.
- Increase in income will allow more time to train
-ves:
- Media intrusion into athlete’s private life
- Pressure to succeed - Constant media scrutiny of performance.
- Sponsors may take over control of athlete’s time and career pathway. - athlete loses control
Analyse how social and cultural factors might affect participation in sports and pastimes for a wealthy, male landowner in pre-industrial Britain. (5)
- High social class/ upper class so would have more opportunities / exclusive
- He was male so would have more opportunities
- He would have been educated therefore could read and write/
literate to understand the rules/ codes of conduct - He would have time as he would not work
- He would have time on weekend / bank holidays / holidays
- He had money therefore would be able to afford the equipment / kit
- Had space for own facilities
- He would possibly have a horse and carriage so have some means to travel to play other people
- Would play sophisticated / non violent sports / roles
- Would bet large sums of money (due to their wealth)
- Would patronise others e.g. foot. racing
Using sporting examples, give four ways in which the introduction of the railway affected participation in sport. (4)
- A football team could travel to play another team further away / national
- Allowed fixtures between the home nations e.g. football matches
between England and Scotland - A football league / cups could be established as teams started to play
others further away so sport became more regular - Rules had to be written for football/ had to become codified as teams
started to play each other / FA formed 1863 - Spectators could travel to watch football or rugby
- Horse racing developed as could transport the horses as opposed to
having to ride them to a place then rest them - Travelling to rural countryside established Mountain Walking OR Travel to other towns to use their facilities e.g. swimming pool
Give one example of a sport played by the lower classes in pre-industrial times and identify one characteristic of it. (2)
examples:
- mob football
- Smock racing
- Pedestrianism
- Cock fighting
- bare knuckle fighting.
Characteristics:
- Simple / not written / few rules
- Occasional / irregular
- Violent / cruel
- Local
- Simple resources.
Using examples, explain how internet-based media might educate people about sport. (2)
- Improve sports techniques /
performance - By watching videos or using apps - Learn about opportunities - Using sports specific websites, local websites, BBC sport.
- Increase knowledge - About sports / players / clubs / rules / results by using websites and apps.
- Dialogue / discussion with top coaches and players - Through social media
In post-1850 industrial Britain there was an increase in sports participation among the working classes.
Identify the social and cultural factors that influenced this increase (6)
- Shorter working hours / more free
time - 1/2 days Weds or Sat. - Public holidays - Bank Holidays introduced.
- New facilities - Facilities built, parks, public baths.
- Improved transport - Railways gave access to seaside and countryside / improved roads good for cycling.
- Better education - Working classes now educated / could understand more complex rules.
- Increased income - Wages increased / working classes had more disposable income / broken time payments
- Middle class influence - Middle class employers encouraged participation. Factory owners formed teams and sponsored excursions.
- Health Improved health and energy levels.
The profile of elite women’s sport has risen significantly since 1980.
Compare 21st century elite women’s sport with elite women’s sport in 1980. (4)
1980:
- Minimal media coverage of women’s sport
- Women often represented in sexualised way in media.
- Few international teams or elite level fixtures.
- Sponsorship - Limited to very few
sports and individuals.
- Women could be openly discriminated against
- Majority of elite women’s sport was amateur.
- Lower prize money / salary / revenue
- Very few female sporting role models
- Fewer elite women (fewer sports, fewer events)
21st century:
- Increased media coverage of women’s sport.
- Sportswomen now usually represented without female stereotyping.
- Increase in elite level competitions and teams
- More widespread sponsorship of women’s sport
- Legislation in place to prevent discrimination
- More female professionalism in a variety of sports
- Higher prize money / salary / revenue
- Many role models in a variety of sports
- More elite women (more sports, more events)
The early 20th century was characterised by a huge rise in the number of spectators at sporting events.
Explain the links between the rise in spectatorism and the social, cultural and sporting developments of that time. (6)
- Half day Wednesday / Saturday So people had more time to attend
matches. - Income increased - So people had more money for tickets and transport
- Public transport - Huge improvements in public transport
(buses, trams) made it easier for people
to get to matches. - Purpose built new stadiums which had greater capacities and were more comfortable for spectators.
- Increased amount of printed media
raised awareness of popular events - Working classes were now more literate so could access information / adverts in printed media.
- Clubs encouraged spectators to attend (to increase revenue)
- Professionalism raised standards and
made game more entertaining so crowds increased
Describe four factors that have led to the commercialisation of contemporary sport. (4)
- Popularity - Increased public interest in sport.
- Globalisation - Sport is now global and the international exposure attracts
sponsors. - Increased professionalism / raised
standard - Professional / better sports players attract greater levels of sponsorship - Increased media interest - Increased media coverage attracts more sponsors.
- Large number of marketing
opportunities - Increased merchandise / clothing associated with sport - Provides cheap exposure for companies. - Media coverage and sponsorship of sport is cheap compared with other commercial opportunities.
Discuss whether the sporting values developed in the 19th century public schools have been overtaken by the commercialisation of modern sport.
Give examples in your answer. (10)
