Positioning test 1 Flashcards
what is the distance for a PA chest
72 inches
what is the central ray for PA chest
0 degrees/ perpendicular to IR
for PA chest what level do you need to be at
The level of T7
For a PA chest how many inches above should the top of the casette be to the shoulders
1 1/2 to 2 inches
breathing technique for PA Chest
two breaths in, exposure taken on second deep inspiration
pt position for PA chest
Shoulders rolled forard to get scapula out of the lung field, chin up
Why is a PA chest projection done?
Because the heart is closer to the IR (sits more anterior than posterior) to decrease magnification.
What should be included in a chest xray to make it a good xray?
10 posterior ribs
Apices (top of lungs)
Costophrenic angles (bottom of ribs)
Heart shadow
Trachea
Carina
Right Bronchioles (shorter, wider, more vertical, easier for foreign body objects to get stuck)
Left Bronchioles
No rotation (SC joints equal, Ribs look equal)
what seperates the thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity
diaphragm
determines the shape , position, and movement of the interal oragns.
Body habitus
sthenic- average
hypersthenic- larger build
asthenic- very slender
hyposthenic- slender
what is each lung enclosed by
a double walled membrane sac called the pleura
inner layer - visceral pleura
outer layer- parietal pleura
what does the pleura cavity allow:
expansion of the lungs
what does the medistinum consist of
Trachea, esophagus, greater vessels, Heart, Thymus, Nerves, Lymphatics, Fat
seperates pleural cavities, contains all the thoracic structures except the lungs and pleurae.
Mediastinum
Trachea bifurcates at the:
Carina
Trachea is more anterior or posterior to the esophagus
anterior
what primary bronchus is shorter, wider and more vertical
Right primary bronchus
which bronchus is more likely for a foreign body object to get stuck
Right primary bronchus
where does oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange happen
alveolar sacs
difference in body habitus for chest xray
Hypersthenic (heavier) diaphragm becomes broader (flattens), heart shape broader
what is the distance for supine chest
72 inches
breathing technique for PA chest
2 breaths in, exposure taken on second deep inspiration
what are we centering at and how many inches should the casette be above the shoulders
T7
1 1/2 - 2 inches
what is the CR for supine chest
0 degrees / perpendicular to IR distance
distance for lateral chest
72 inches
CR for lateral chest
0 degrees/ perpendicular
if a lateral chest is being done what side we do
left lateral
what are we centering at for lateral chest
T7
breathing technique for later chest
2 breaths, exposure taken on second deep inspiration
which lung is shorter
the right lung because of the liver
arm position for lateral chest
arms should be more than 90 degrees above
what should you be able to see on the later chest
Apices, costophrenic angles, posterior ribs superimposed, hilum, manubrium
how many lobes does the lung have on the right
3 lobes
how many lobes does the lung have on the left
2 lobes
structures of the medistinum
Trachea, esophagus, greater vessels, Heart, Thymus, Nerves, Lymphatics, Fat
is a hooklike process on the last cartilage
carina
organs of respiration
lungs
cavity that contains heart and lungs
thoracic
which body structure forms the anterior border of the medistinum
sternum
which medistinal structure consists of a c shape cartiaginous rings
trachea
which area of the trachea divides into two lesser tubes
carina
during inspiration lungs move:
inferiorly
during expiration lungs move:
superiorly
what is the name of the superior portion of each lung
apex
what is the area of primary interest in a lordadic positiom
apices
why should chest images be performed with a 72 inches SID
to minimize megnification of the heart
why should chest images be performed after the pt has suspended respiration after the second inspiration
to expand the lungs better
what does decubitus demonstrate
air or fluid levels
another name for Limbolm method
lordotic or AP axial
how to position patient for lordotic
One step forward, lean back
if a pt. cant lean back for the lordotic what will you do
angle 15- 20 degrees
what is the CR for lordotic
0 degrees/ perpendicular as long as the pt can lean back
what do we want to see in lordoctic chest
APICES - trying to get clavicles off of apices
how many degrees for an oblique chest
45 degrees
what is the distance for oblique chest
72
what are we centering at for oblique chest
T7
breathing technique for oblique chest
two breaths
which lung is being best demonstrated for oblique chest
RAO or LAO – side up
LPO or RPO – side down
how long should the pt wait in a decub position
5 minutes
distnace for decub chest
72 inches
if laying down where does the air and fluid go
fluid goes down
air goes up
what do you want to see in decub chest
equal ribs, 10 posterior
what are we centering at for decub chest
T7
for chest RAO demonstrates
left lung
for chest LAO demonstrates
right lung
RAO=
LPO
LAO=
RPO
Decubitus is mainly to see:
Pleurasie
position used for barium cardiac series
55 to 60 degree oblique position
sternum is (blank) in lateral chest
profile
3 parts of the sternum
manubrium
body
xiphoid
bony thorax is formed by
sternum
12 pairs of ribs
12 thoracic vertebrae
functions of bony thorax
protects heart and lungs
position for upper ribs
standing
position for lower ribs
laying down
true or false
standing is not essential for ribs
true
breathing technique for upper ribs
inspiration, to lower diaphragm
distance for ribs
40 inches
CR for ribs
0 degrees/ perpendicular
true ribs
1-7, attach directly to sternum
false ribs
8 - 12, attach indirectly to the sternum via costal cartilage
floating ribs
11-12, attach only to vertebra
anterior portions of the ribs compared to the posterior
Anterior portion compared to posterior lies 3 to 5 inferior to the posterior
Heads articulate with vertebral bodies
costovetebral joints
Tubericles articulate with Tspine transverse processes
costotransverse joints
How do I visualize axillary portion of the ribs
Oblique 45 degrees
space inbetween ribs
intercostal space
`typical rib consists of
head, neck, tubericle, body
distance for sternum PA oblique RAO
30-40 inches
essential for sternum
PA oblique RAO
rotation for sternum PA oblique RAO
15-20 degree to take sternum of of spine
the thicker the person the less we rotate, the thinner the (blank) we rotate
more
what are we centering for sternum
mid sternum
true or fasle
for sternum it does not matter whether we are standing or laying down
true
centeral ray for PA. oblique rao
0 degrees/ perpendicular
top of the manubrium is the most (blank) portion of the sternum
superior
why do we do an rao of sternum
to put sternum over heart
breathing technique for sternum
shallow, blur the ribs and lung markings
if we cant do an RAO we do an:
LPO
distance for lateral sternum
72 inches
what do we do with the arms in lateral sternum
roll shoulders back, hands back locked in together, chin up , chest out , head up, inspiration
breathing technique for lateral sternum
inspiration
where should the top border of the IR be positioned for the lateral projection of the sternum
1 1/2 inches above the jugular notch
