General Anatomy And Radiographic Positioning Terminology Flashcards
The term applied to the science of the structure of the body
Anatomy
Study of function of the body organs
Physiology
The detailed study of the body of knowledge relating to the bones of the body
Osteology
Name four fundamental body planes
-Sagittal
-Coronal
-Horizontal
-oblique
Which plane divides the body into right and left segments passing vertically from front to back
Sagittal plane
Is a specific Sagittal plane that passes through midline and divides the body into equal right and left halves
Midsagittal plane
What plane passes through the body vertically from side to side dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts
Coronal
Is the specific plane that passes through midline and divides the body into equal anterior and posterior halves
Midcoronal plane
What plane passes through the body or body part at right angles longitudinal axis dividing the body into superior and inferior portions (also called transverse, axial or cross sectional planes)
Horizontal plane
What plane passes through a body part at any angle between the other planes
Oblique
What planes transects the body at the pelvis at the top of the iliac crest
Interiliac plane
What plane is formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with jaws closed
Occlusal plane
Name the body cavities
-cranial
-thoracic
-Abdominal
-pelvic
What does the thoracic cavity include
Pleural membranes
Lung
Trachea
Esophagus
Pericardium
Heart and great vessels
What does the abdominal cavity contain
Peritoneum
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Spleen
Stomach
Intestines
Kidneys
Ureters
Major blood vessels
What does the pelvic portion contain
Rectum
Urinary bladder
Part of the reproductive system
What is the chest and abdomen bordered by
Diaphragm
What are two methods the abdomen is divided
Quadrants and regions
What are the four quadrants
Right upper
Right lower
Left upper
Left lower
What are the 9 regions
Superior regions
(Right hypochondrium, epigastrium, left hypochondrium)
Middle regions (right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar)
Inferior regions (right inguinal, hypogastrium, left inguinal)
What is C1
Mastoid tip
What is C2 and C3
Gonion (angle of mandible)
What is C3, C4
Hyoid bone
What is C5
Thyroid cartilage
What is C7, T1
Vertebra prominens
What is T1
Approximately 2 inches above level of jugular notch
What is T2,T3
Level of jugular notch
What is T4,T5
Level of sternal angle
What is T7
Level of inferior angles of scapulae
What is T9,T10
Level of xiphold process
What is L2,L3
Inferior of coastal margin
What is L4,L5
Level of superior most aspect of iliac crests
What is S1,S2
Level of anterior superior iliac spine
What is coccyx
Level of pubic symphysis and greater trochanters
What does body habitus mean
The common variations in the shape of the human body
Name the four body habitus’s
Sthenic- average
Hyposthenic -slender
Hypersthenic- very large
Astheic- very slender
Which two body habitus are average
Sthenic and hyposthenic
Which two body habitus are extremes
Hypersthenic and asthenic
What is the term for skeletal divisions , general bone features, bone development and classification of bones
Osteology
What are some bone functions
Attachment for muscles , basis for movement, protection, support frame, production of red and white blood cells, storage for calcium,phosphorus and other salts
How many bones are in the body
206
What two main groups is the skeletal divisions
Axial and appendicular skeleton
What is the axial skeleton
Supports and protects the head, neck and trunk
What is appendicular skeleton
Arms and legs
What is tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers bone, except at articulate ends
Periosteum
What lines marrow cavity
Endosteum
What is the term that applies to the development and formation of bones
Ossification
What are the shape classifications of bones
Long
Flat
Irregular
Short
Sesamoid
What type of bones consist of body and two enlarged articulated ends
Long bones
Give an example of long bones
Femur and humerus
What bones consist mainly of cancellous bone with a thin outer layer of compact bone
Short bones
What is an example of short bones
Carpal bones
What bones consist of two plates of compact bones
Flat bones
What is an example of a flat bone
Sternum and cranium
What bones are peculiarly shaped
Irregular bones
What is an example of irregular bones
Vertebrae and facial bones
What’s bones are small oval bones that develop in and near tendons and protect the tendons from excessive wear
Sesamoid bones
Example of Sesamoid bone
Largest is patella
Defined as the study of joints or articulations between bones
Arthology
What are the three subdivisions based on mobility of joints
Synarthroses- immovable
Ampiarthroses- slightly moveable
Diarthroses- freely moveable
Three distinct groups based on connective tissues
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
What joints are immovable
Fibrous
Three types of fibrous joints
Syndemosis
Suture
Gomphosis
What joint is slightly moveable
Cartilaginous
Two types of cartilaginous joints
Symphysis and synhondrosis
What joint is freely moveable
Synovial
6 types of synovial joints
Gliding
Hinge
Pivot
Ellipsoid
Saddle
Ball and socket
What is the simplest synovial joint
Gliding
Example of gliding
Inter carpal and inter tarsal
What joint permits flexion and extension only
Hinge joint
Example of hinge joint
Elbow and knee
What joint allows rotation around a single axis
Pivot
Example of pivot joint
C1-C2
What joint allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction
Ellipsoid
What is an example of Ellipsoid joint
Radiocarpal (wrist)
What joint allows movement similar to Ellipsoid difference is shape of the articulation surface
Saddle
Example of saddle joint
Thumb
What joint permits widest range of motion
Ball and socket
Examples of ball and socket
Hip and shoulder
What is a fracture
Break in bone
Types of fractures
Closed , open, non-displaced and displaced
Forward or front part of the body or of a part
Anterior (ventral)
Back part of the body
Posterior (dorsal)
Parts away from the head of the body
Caudal
Toward the head
Cephalic
Nearer the head or situated above
Superior
Nearer the feet or situated below
Inferior
Mid area or main part of an organ
Central
At or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part
Perioheral
Toward the median plane of the body or toward the middle of a body part
Medial
Away from the median plane or away from the middle of a part
Lateral
Near the skin of surface
Superficial
Far from the surface
Deep
Farthest from the point of attachment or origin
Distal
Nearer to the pint of attachment or origin
Proximal
Outside the body part
Extenal
Inside the body or part
Internal
The wall or lining of a body cavity
Parietal
Covering of an organ
Visceral
Parts in the same side of the body
Ipsilateral
Parts in the opposite side of the body
Contralateral
Palm of the hand
Palmar
Sole of the foot
Plantar
Anterior or top of the foot or back of the hand
Dorsum
-Defined as the path of the cr as it exits the X-ray tune passing through the patient to the ir
- identified by the entrance and exit points of the body
Projection
-overall poster of the pt or herbal body position
-also refers to the specific placement of the body or part in relation to the table or IR
Position
-used to describe the body part as seen by the IR
-exact opposite of projection
View
Refers to a specific radio graphic projection developed by an individual
Method
What are the essential projections
AP
PA
AXIAL
CR enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior
AP
CR enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior
PA
Longitudinal angle of the CR of 10 degrees or more
Axial
CR directed along the outer margin of a curved body surface
Tangential
CR enters one side of the body passing transversely along the coronal plane
Lateral
CR enters from side angle
Oblique
Erect or vertical
Upright
Upright but sitting on a stool
Seated
Lying down in any position
Recumbent
Lying on back
Supine
Lying face down
Prone
Supine with the head lower than the feat
Trendelenburgs position
Supine with the head elevated
Fowler’s position
Recumbent with pt lying on left anterior side with left leg extended and right knee and thigh partially flexed
Sims position
Erect position of attention with the palms facing forward
Anatomical position
It specifically indicated that the body part must be placed exactly in the anatomical position
True projection
Names according to the side of the pt that is placed closer to the IR
Lateral position
Supine with knees and lips flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports
Lithotomy position
Body is rotated so that the formal plane is not parallel with the table or IR
angle if rotation is specific for anatomy or interest
Named according to side and surface of body closer to table or IR
Recumbent position with a horizontal CR
Decubitus position
Upright position in which the pt is leaning backward
Lordotic
Movement of a part away from the central axis of the body
Abduct
Movement of a part toward the central axis of the body
Adduct
Straightening of a joint
Extension
Bending of a joint
Flexion
Forced or excessive extension
Hyperextension
Forced over flexion
Hyperflexion
Outward turning of the foot at the ankle
Evert /eversion
Inward Turing of the foot at the ankle
Invert/ inversion
Rotation of forearm so that the palm is down
Pronate
Rotation of forearm so that palm is up
Supinate
Turning of the body or part around it’s axis
Rotation of a limb is either medial or lateral
Rotate / rotation
Circular movement of a limb
Circumduction
Tipping or slanting a body part slightly
Tilt
A Turing away from the regular or standard course
Deviation
