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Radiology Positioning > Final Review part 1: Thoracic viscera and Bony Thorax > Flashcards

Final Review part 1: Thoracic viscera and Bony Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

Determines the shape, position, and movement of the internal organs

A

Body Habitus

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2
Q

sthenic

A

average

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3
Q

hypersthenic

A

larger build

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4
Q

asthenic

A

very slender

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5
Q

hyposthenic

A

slender

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6
Q

separates the thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity

A

diaphragm

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7
Q

separates pleural cavities
-contains all thoracic structures except lungs and pleurae

A

mediastinum

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8
Q

Contains the lungs and heart; the organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, and lymphatic, systems; the inferior portion of the esophagus; and the thymus gland

A

Thoracic Cavity

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9
Q

Three separate chambers of thoracic cavity

A

-pericardial
-right and left pleural cavities

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10
Q

lies in midline, anterior to esophagus

A

Trachea

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11
Q

Respiratory system consists of:

A

-pharynx
-trachea
-bronchi
-two lungs

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12
Q

Fibrous, muscular tube with 16 to 20 C-shaped cartilaginous rings in its walls for strength

A

Trachea

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13
Q

hooklike process on the last cartilage

A

Carina

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14
Q

Trachea divides or bifurcates at carina

A

-Right primary bronchus
-Left Primary Bronchus

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15
Q

Which bronchi is shorter, wider, and more vertical than the other

A

The right primary bronchus

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16
Q

Position and size makes it easier for foreign bodies to enter which bronchus

A

right bronchus

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17
Q

What is at the end of the alveolar ducts

A

Alveolar sacs

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18
Q

where does oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange happen

A

alveolar sacs

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19
Q

difference in body habitus for chest xray

A

Hypersthenic (heavier) diaphragm becomes broader (flattens), heart shape broader

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20
Q

Trachea is more anterior or posterior to the esophagus

A

Anterior

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21
Q

what does the medistinum consist of

A

Trachea, esophagus, greater vessels, Heart, Thymus, Nerves, Lymphatics, Fat

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22
Q

What does the pleura cavity allow

A

Expansion of the lungs

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23
Q

what is each lung enclosed by

A

a double walled membrane sac called the pleura
inner layer - visceral pleura
outer layer- parietal pleura

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24
Q

How many lobes are on each side of the lungs

A

Two lobes on the left and three lobes on the right

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25
Q

medial border of the lungs

A

hilum

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26
Q

sides of the lungs

A

costophrenic angles

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27
Q

superior portion of the lungs and reaches about the clavicles

A

apex

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28
Q

organs of respiration

A

lungs

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29
Q

inferior of the lungs and rests obliquely on diaphragm and lower in back and sides than in front

A

base

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30
Q

why is the right lung shorter than the left

A

because of the presence of the liver

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31
Q

how do the lungs move during exhalation and inhalation

A

-move inferiorly during inspiration
-move superiorly during expiration

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32
Q

SID

A

source to image distance

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33
Q

OID

A

Object to image distance

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34
Q

why would we take one xray on inspiration and one on expiration

A

-demonstrates pneumothorax
-diaphragm movement
-presence of foreign body
-atelectasis

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35
Q

what is the distance for PA chest

A

72 inches

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36
Q

What is the central ray for PA chest

A

0 degrees/ perpendicular to IR

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37
Q

For a PA chest how many inches above should the top of the cassette be to the shoulders

A

1 1/2 to 2 inches

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38
Q

for PA chest what level do you need to be at ?

A

The level of T7

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39
Q

breathing technique for PA chest

A

two breaths in, exposure taken on second inspiration

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40
Q

Patient position for PA chest

A

shoulders rolled forward to get scapula out of the lung field, chin up

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41
Q

Why is a PA chest projection done?

A

Because the heart is closer to the IR (sits more anterior than posterior) to decrease magnification

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42
Q

What should be included in a chest xray to make it a good xray?

A

10 posterior ribs
Apices (top of lungs)
Costophrenic angles (bottom of ribs)
Heart shadow
Trachea
Carina
Right Bronchioles (shorter, wider, more vertical, easier for foreign body objects to get stuck)
Left Bronchioles
No rotation (SC joints equal, Ribs look equal)

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43
Q

What is the distance for supine chest

A

72 inches

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44
Q

why do we do PA chest upright

A

To demonstrate air or fluid levels and allow diaphragm to move to its lowest position

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45
Q

Where are we centering for PA and AP chest

A

T7 or 1 1/2 inches above the shoulder

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46
Q

What is the CR for supine chest

A

0 degrees/perpendicular to IR

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47
Q

distance for lateral chest

A

72 inches

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48
Q

CR for lateral chest

A

0 degrees/ perpendicular

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49
Q

If a lateral chest is being done what side do we do

A

left lateral

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50
Q

what are we centering at for lateral chest

A

T7, 1 1/2 inches above the shoulders

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51
Q

breathing technique for lateral chest

A

2 breaths, exposure taken on second deep inspiration

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52
Q

breathing technique for supine chest

A

2 breaths, exposure taken on second deep inspiration

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53
Q

arm position for lateral chest

A

arms should be more than 90 degrees above

54
Q

What should we be able to see on the lateral chest

A

Apices, costophrenic angles, posterior ribs superimposed, hilum

55
Q

which body structure forms the anterior border of the medistinum

A

sternum

56
Q

what is the area of primary interest in a lordadic position

A

To see the apices without the clavicles obscuring them

57
Q

why should chest images be performed after the pt has suspended respiration after the second inspiration

A

to expand the lungs better

58
Q

what does decubitus demonstrate

A

air or fluid levels

59
Q

another name for Limbolm method

A

lordotic or AP axial

60
Q

How to position patient for lordotic

A

One step forward, and lean back

61
Q

If a patient cant lean back for the lordotic what will you do

A

angle 15-20 degrees

62
Q

What is the CR for lordotic

A

0 degrees/ perpendicular as long as patient can lean back

63
Q

Breathing technique for lordotic

A

2 breaths in

64
Q

when doing lordotic, is it better do do inspiration or expiration if their is a possible pneumo

A

expiration

65
Q

what should you be able to see on the later chest

A

Apices, costophrenic angles, posterior ribs superimposed, hilum, manubrium

66
Q

What is the distance for oblique chest

A

72

67
Q

what are we entering at for oblique chest

A

T7

68
Q

CR for PA oblique chest

A

-perpendicular to IR
-enters at level of T7

69
Q

breathing technique for PA oblique chest

A

two breaths in
exposure made after second full inspiration

70
Q

How many degrees for an PA oblique chest

A

45 degrees LAO or RAO

71
Q

which side is being demonstrated in a LAO or RAO on chest

A

side up (elongated)

72
Q

which lung does RAO demonstrate

A

left lung

73
Q

which lung does LAO demonstrate

A

Right Lung

74
Q

what is the degree of obliquity for barium cardiac series

A

55 to 60 degrees oblique

75
Q

How long should the patient wait in a decub position

A

5 minutes

76
Q

Breathing technique for AP oblique chest

A

two breaths. exposure made on second full inspiration

77
Q

degree for ap oblique chest

A

45 degrees LPO or RPO

78
Q

CR for AP oblique chest

A

-perp to ir
-enters 3 inches below jugular notch

79
Q

for Ap oblique chest, what side id being best demonstrated

A

side of interest is closer to IR

80
Q

Distance for decub chest

A

72 inches

81
Q

if laying down where does the air and fluid go

A

fluid goes down
air goes up

82
Q

where are we centering for decub chest

A

AP:3 inches below jugular notch
PA:T7

83
Q

RAO =

A

LPO

84
Q

LAO=

A

RPO

85
Q

decubitus is mainly to see:

A

pleurasie (fluid that goes around the pleura)

86
Q

How is the sternum in a lateral chest

A

in profile

87
Q

CR for lordotic

A

-perp to IR
-enters MSP at midsternum

88
Q

how is the ir placed for the lordotic position

A

3 inches above the shoulders

89
Q

CR for AP/PA lateral decubitus position

A

-horizontal and perp to center of IR
-enters MSP at 3 inches below jugular notch for AP, T7 for PA

89
Q

3 parts of the sternum

A

manubrium
body
xiphoid

90
Q

Bony Thorax is formed by

A

sternum
12 pairs of ribs
12 thoracid vertebrae

91
Q

functions of bony thorax

A

protects heart and lungs

92
Q

position for upper ribs

A

standing

93
Q

position for lower ribs

A

laying down

94
Q

breathing technique for upper ribs

A

inspiration, to lower diaphragm

95
Q

distance for rib

A

4o inches

96
Q

CR for ribs

A

0 degrees/ perpendicular

97
Q

true ribs

A

1-7 attach directly to sternum

98
Q

false ribs

A

8-12, attach indirectly to the sternum via costal cartilage

99
Q

floating ribs

A

11-12, attach only to vertebra

100
Q

anterior portions of the ribs compared to the posterior

A

anterior portion compared to posterior lies 3 to 5 inferior to posterior

101
Q

head of the ribs articulate with vertebral bodies

A

costovetebral joints

102
Q

Tubericles articulate with Tspine transverse processes

A

costotransverse

103
Q

-centered on midline of anterior thorax
-narrow, flat bone
-approx. six inches long

A

sternum

104
Q

space inbetween ribs

A

intercostal space

105
Q

typical rib conists of

A

head, neck, tubercle, body

106
Q

distance for sternum PA oblique RAO

A

30-40 inches

107
Q

essential for sternum

A

PA oblique RAO

108
Q

rotation for sternum PA oblique RAO

A

15-20 degree to take sternum off of ribs

109
Q

breathing technique for PA oblique sternum

A

shallow, blur the ribs and lung markings

110
Q

what are we centering for sternum

A

mid sternum

111
Q

the thicker the person the less we rotate, the thinner the (blank) we rotate

A

more

112
Q

centeral ray for PA. oblique rao

A

0 degrees/ perpendicular

113
Q

top of the manubrium is the most (blank) portion of the sternum

A

superior

114
Q

why do we do an rao of sternum

A

To put sternum over the heart

115
Q

distance for lateral sternum

A

72

116
Q

How do i visualize axillary portion of the ribs

A

oblique 45 degrees

117
Q

breathing technique for lateral sternum

A

inspiration

118
Q

what do we do with the arms in lateral sternum

A

roll shoulders back, hands back locked in together, chin up , chest out , head up, inspiration

119
Q

where should the top border of the IR be positioned for the lateral projection of the sternum

A

1 1/2 inches above the jugular notch

120
Q

with which part of the sternum does the first pair of ribs articulate

A

lateral border of manubrium

121
Q

which of the following articulates with the articular facets located just lateral to the jugular notch

A

clavicle

122
Q

how should the central ray be directed for the oblique position to best demonstrate the sternum

A

perpendicularly

123
Q

with reference to the patient where should the top border of the IR be positioned for the lateral projection of the sternum

A

1 1/2 inches above jugular notch

124
Q

how should the central ray be directed and centered for the pa prjection for bilateral SC joints

A

perp to T3

125
Q

breathing technique for SC joints

A

expiration (taking air out of the lungs for denser background)

126
Q

how much do ou oblique for bilateral SC joints

A

10 degrees

127
Q

-distal; smallest portion
- lies over T10
-often deviates from midline

A

xiphoid process

128
Q

Breathing technique for lateral sternum

A

inspiration

129
Q

Central ray for lateral sternum

A

-perpendicular
- enters lateral border of sternum at mid sternum

Radiology Positioning (8 decks)

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