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Radiology Positioning > C- Spine > Flashcards

C- Spine Flashcards

1
Q

Forms the central axis of the skeleton

A

Vertebral Column

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2
Q

-Located in posterior trunk

A

Vertebral Column

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3
Q

Functions of the vertebral column

A

-Encloses and protects spinal cord
-Supports trunk and skull
-Provides muscle attachments

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4
Q

How many vertebrae are there in early life

A

33

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5
Q

The vertebral column is composed of small irregular bones called?

A

Vertebrae

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6
Q

how many vertebrae are true, movable vertebrae

A

24

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7
Q

which are false, fixed vertebrae

A

Sacral and coccygeal segments

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8
Q

Vertebral column is divided into five groups named according to region they occupy

A

Cervical vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
Sacral vertebrae
Coccygeal vertebrae

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9
Q

Which regions have a lordotic curve

A

cervical and lumbar

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10
Q

which regions have a kyphotic curve

A

thoracic and pelvic

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11
Q

do lordotic curves convex or concave anteriorly

A

convex anteriorly

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12
Q

do kyphotic curves convex or concave anteriorly

A

concave anteriorly

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13
Q

has four curves that arch anteriorly and posteriorly from midcoronal plane

A

vertebral column

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14
Q

is a condition of abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

A

Scoliosis

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15
Q

is a condition of increased kyphotic curve of the thoracic spine (T-spine)

A

Kyphosis

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16
Q

How are the curves in scoliosis

A

curves right in the thorax and left in the lumbar

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17
Q

Comes out of normal space and pushed nerve ending

A

herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)
“Slipped disk”

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18
Q

outer, fibrocartilaginous disk

A

Annulus fibrosus

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19
Q

where is the vertebral column centered ?

A

-Centered in the midsagittal plane

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20
Q

what fuses into the sacrum

A

-Sacral vertebrae fuse into the sacrum

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21
Q

what fuses to form the coccyx

A

-Coccygeal vertebrae fuse to form coccyx

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22
Q

How does the cervical curve anteriorly ?

A

Convex

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23
Q

how many groups is the vertebral column divided into

A

5

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24
Q

how does the thoraccic curve anteriorly

A

concave

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25
Q

how does the lumbar curve anteriorly ?

A

convex

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26
Q

How does the pelvic curve anteriorly ?

A

Concave

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27
Q

what helps separate the vertebrae and is composed of fibrocartilage

A

intervertebral disks

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28
Q

Disk is composed of

A

Annulus fibrosus
and
Nucleus pulposus

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29
Q

central, soft mass of the disk

A

Nucleus pulposus

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30
Q

allows movement of the bone

A

intervertebral disks

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31
Q

common area for slipped disks

A

L5 and S1

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32
Q

Two main parts of a typical vertebra

A

-body (anterior)
-Vertebral arch (posterior)

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33
Q

The two parts (body and vertebral arch) enclose a space called?

A

The vertebral foramen

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34
Q

What does the articulation of vertebral foramina form?

A

Vertebral canal

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35
Q

What is the vertebral arch formed by?

A

-two pedicle
-two laminae
-the above support four articular processes, two transverse processes and one spinous process

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36
Q

how do the laminae project from the pedicles

A

posteriorly and medially from the pedicles

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37
Q

What projects from the posterior part of the body of the typical vertebrae

A

pedicles

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38
Q

The bottom of the typical vertebrae is concave to form ?

A

Bottom is concave to form vertebral notches

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39
Q

Articulation of vertebral notches form ?

A

intervertebral foramina

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40
Q

what doe the lamina join together to create/form

A

posterior arch

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41
Q

what is the most posterior par of the vertebrae ?

A

spinous process

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42
Q

what projects laterally and a little posteriorly from junction of laminae and pedicles

A

Transverse process

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43
Q

what projects posteriorly and inferiorly from junction of both laminae ?

A

spinous process

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44
Q

what is a congenital condition in which the laminae fail to fuse

A

spina bifida

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45
Q

how many articular processes arise from junction of pedicles and laminae

A

4
-two superior
-two inferior

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46
Q

articulate with vertebrae above and below to form?

A

zygapophyseal joints

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47
Q

what is zygapoohyseal joints also called?

A

interarticular facet joints

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48
Q

what is the area in which the superior and inferior part of one vertebrae to the other articulate creating the joint space

A

zygapophyseal joints

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49
Q

how many cervical spine are there?

A

7

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50
Q

What occupies the neck region ?

A

Cervical Vertebrae

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51
Q

unique features in the Cervical Vertebrae

A

-Transverse foramina located on transverse processes
-Bifid spinous processes

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52
Q

what kind of spinous process does the Cervical Vertebrae have

A

Bifid spinous processes

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53
Q

what cervical vertebrae does not have a spinous process

A

C1

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54
Q

how is the body of the cervical vertebrae shaped compared to the others

A

more squared

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55
Q

what are the two atypical of the cervical vertebrae to join with the skull

A

C1 and C2

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56
Q

C1 is known as

A

atlas

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57
Q

what is C2 known as

A

axis

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58
Q

is also atypical bc it joins with Tspine

A

C7

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59
Q

is atlas on the top or bottom

A

top

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60
Q

articulates with the back of the skull and occipital bone

A

C1 atlas

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61
Q

turns around on the dens (odontoid)

A

C2

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62
Q

Where the head and neck attach and the only vertebrae that does not have a body

A

C1

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63
Q

makes it possible for our heads to spin/turn around

A

C2

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64
Q

only vertebrae that does not have a vertebral body

A

C1

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65
Q

What does C1 consist of

A

-Anterior arch
-Posterior arch
-Two lateral masses
-Two transverse processes

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66
Q

what does the superior articular. processes of C1 receive ?

A

Superior articular processes receive the condyles of the occipital bone

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67
Q

Has a conical process, called the dens or odontoid, on upper, anterior of body

A

C2 (axis)

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68
Q

Odontoid is received into anterior ring of what?

A

C1

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69
Q

most common fracture of C1?

A

Jefferson fracture

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70
Q

What two things make up where the odontoid comes through?

A

The anterior arch and the transverse atlantal ligament

71
Q

what is C7 also called?

A

Vertebra prominens

72
Q

why is C7 also called the vertebra prominens?

A

Bc of its long, prominent spinous process

73
Q

what joint is seen on the lateral cervical spine

A

Zygapophyseal joint

74
Q

what angle does the Zygapophyseal joint sit at on a lateral

A

90degrees

75
Q

what view is the Zygapophyseal joint seen on the cervical spine

A

lateral
90degrees

76
Q

for the cervical spine what is seen on the obliques ?

A

Intervertebral Foramen

77
Q

what view is the Intervertebral Foramen
seen on the cervical spine

A

obliques
@ 45 degrees

78
Q

The dens is located on

A

C2

79
Q

What unique anatomic feature is found in the typical cervical vertebra

A

Presence of the transverse foramina in transverse processes.

80
Q

what is the distance for cervical spine projections except for open mouth and ap axial

A

60-72

81
Q

What is the SID for open mouth and ap axial

A

40 degrees

82
Q

recommended breathing for lateral c spine

A

suspension after full expiration

83
Q

why do we do suspension after full expiration for lateral c spine

A

to depress shoulders

84
Q

breathing for open mouth cspine

A

phonates “ah”

85
Q

why does the patient phonate “ah” during open mouth

A

to depress tongue to floor of mouth

86
Q

What is the breathing for swimmers cervical spine

A

breathing technique to blur lung anatomy

87
Q

what are the essential projections of the Cspine

A

AP (Fuchs) for dens
AP open-mouth position for C1 and C2
AP axial
Lateral (Grandy)
Lateral
-Hyperflexion
-Hyperextension
Lateral (swimmer’s technique)
-Cervicothoracic Region
AP axial oblique
Right posterior oblique (RPO)
Left posterior oblique (LPO)

PA axial oblique
Right anterior oblique (RAO)
Left anterior oblique (LAO)

88
Q

which side do we mark down for cervical oblique projections

A

mark side down

89
Q

SID for open mouth

A

40 inches

90
Q

CR for open mouth

A

Directed perpendicular to the IR
Enters patient at midpoint of open mouth

90
Q

part position for open mouth

A

-Align edge of upper incisors and mastoid tip perpendicular to IR
-occlusal plane
-Mouth open as wide as possible

90
Q

What view should you not do if there is a cervical fracture

A

Fuchs

90
Q

what is sometimes called a tip shot

A

Fuchs

91
Q

only upper part of dens is demonstrated

A

Fuchs

92
Q

why is the open mouth done ?

A

for C1 and C2

93
Q

why is fuchs usually done

A

if you are unable to get the tip on the open mouth

94
Q

patient position for fuchs

A

supine

95
Q

patient position for open mouth

A

supine or standing up

96
Q

SID for fuchs

A

40 inches

97
Q

when doing the fuchs what happens to the dens

A

dens with in the foramen magnum

98
Q

Part position for AP dens (Fuchs)

A

Extend chin until tip is vertical
Midsagittal plane (MSP) of head perpendicular to IR

99
Q

Central Ray for AP dens (Fuchs)

A

Perpendicular
Enters patient on MSP, just distal to chin tip

100
Q

What is not seen in the fuchs that is seen on the open mouth

A

the lateral masses are not seen bc it is mainly done for the tip shot

101
Q

what spaces should be equal in the open mouth and if the space is not open what does that indicate

A

equal spaces between the lateral masses and dens and if there is not equal spaces that most likely indicates there is a fracture so stop what you are doing

102
Q

patient position for AP Axial C Spine

A

upright or supine

103
Q

SID for AP Axial C spine

A

40 inches

104
Q

where are you centering for AP axial C spine

A

C4

105
Q

Degree of angulation for AP axial C spine

A

15 to 20 degrees

106
Q

CR for AP axial Cp spine

A

Directed through C4 at 15 to 20 degrees cephalad

107
Q

part position for AP axial C spine

A

Shoulders in same horizontal plane
MSP aligned with long axis of IR
MSP of head perpendicular
Extend chin to place occlusal plane perpendicular to tabletop

108
Q

what does the 15 to 20 degrees do for the AP Axial C spine

A

opens up disc space

109
Q

what vertebrae is seen on the ap cervical spine ?

A

seeing 3 to 7, not 1 and 2

110
Q

what is the breathing for the ap axial cspine

A

suspended breathing (hold your breath)

111
Q

demonstrates
zygapophyseal joints
of cervical spine.

A

Lateral projection

112
Q

patient position for the lateral c spine (Grandy)

A

Upright, seated or standing

113
Q

part position for lateral c spine (GRANDY)

A

MCP perpendicular to IR
MSP parallel to IR
Shoulders in same horizontal plane, relaxed down
Chin elevated and mandible protruded

114
Q

CR for Lateral c spine (Grandy)

A

Horizontal and perpendicular to C4

115
Q

what is recquired if T1 is not demonstrated on the lateral c spine

A

lateral of cervicothoracic (swimmers)
is required.

116
Q

what is the SID for lateral cspine

A

72

117
Q

what is the breathing for the lateral c spine

A

expiration to depress shoulders

118
Q

where do we center for lateral c spine

A

C4

119
Q

lateral c spine is done to see which two joint spaces

A

C7 and T1

120
Q

-Used to demonstrate
absence of normal movement
from trauma or disease
(mobility)
-ex. whiplash

A

Lateral c-spine (hyperflexion and hyperextension)

121
Q

patient position for Lateral C-Spine Hyperflexion and Hyperextension

A

Upright, seated or standing

122
Q

part position for hyperextension

A

Same as for lateral (Grandy)
Hyperextension: Have patient relax head as far back as possible

123
Q

part position for hyperflexion

A

Same as for lateral (Grandy)

Hyperflexion: Have patient put chin as close to chest as possible

124
Q

What is the CR for Lateral C-Spine Hyperflexion and Hyperextension

A

Horizontal and perpendicular to C4

125
Q

what is the distance for Lateral C-Spine Hyperflexion and Hyperextension

A

72 inches

126
Q
A
127
Q
A
128
Q

what is being demonstrated on the ap axial oblique cspine

A

Intervertebral foramina
on side farther from IR are demonstrated.

129
Q

patient position for AP Axial Oblique C-Spine

A

Upright, seated or standing, in 45-degree posterior oblique position (preferred)

Recumbent 45-degree posterior oblique position

130
Q

what is shown on the lateral cspine hyperextension/ hyperflexion

A

all seven sinous processes C1-C7

131
Q

where do we center for AP Axial Oblique C-Spine

A

C4

132
Q

where do we center for lateral c spine (grandy) and Lateral C-Spine Hyperflexion and Hyperextension

A

C4

133
Q

CR for AP Axial Oblique C-Spine

A

Directed to C4 at 15 to 20 degrees cephalad

134
Q

Part position
AP Axial Oblique C-Spine

A

Head and body at 45-degree angle from IR
C-spine centered to IR
IR centered to C4
Chin elevated and protruded

135
Q

What is demonstrated on PA Axial Oblique C-Spine

A

Intervertebral foramina
on side closer to IR are demonstrated.

136
Q

Distance for AP Axial Oblique C-Spine

A

72inches

137
Q

SID for PA Axial Oblique C-Spine

A

72 inches

138
Q

what does the angle do on the AP Axial oblique cspine

A

opens up the foramen

139
Q

patient positon for PA Axial Oblique C-Spine

A

Upright, seated or standing, in 45-degree anterior oblique position (preferred)

Recumbent 45-degree anterior oblique position

140
Q

what is the breathing for the ap axial oblique cspine

A

suspended breathing

141
Q

what is the degree of angulation for the AP axial oblique cspine

A

15-20

142
Q

what is the position for AP axial oblique c spine projections

A

rpo and lpo

143
Q

how many degrees of oblique is the ap axial oblique cspine

A

45 degrees

144
Q

for ap axial oblique cpsine what side do we mark

A

the side that is down

145
Q

part position for PA Axial Oblique C-Spine

A

Head and body at 45-degree angle to IR
C-spine in center of IR
IR at level of C4
Chin elevated and protruded

146
Q

CR for
PA Axial Oblique C-Spine

A

Directed to C4 at 15 to 20 degrees caudad

147
Q

what is the pa axial oblique cspine positions

A

rao and lao

148
Q

where do we center for PA Axial Oblique C-Spine

A

c4

149
Q

what is the benefit of doing the pa axial oblique cspine instead of ap

A

less oid

150
Q

degree of angulation for pa axial oblique cspine

A

15-20 degrees caudad

151
Q

This projection is needed
when C7 is not well demonstrated
on lateral C-spine projection.

A

Lateral (swimmer’s technique)

152
Q

the swimmers technique shows what junction

A

C7 and T1

153
Q

SID for Lateral Cervicothoracic (Swimmer’s)

A

40inches

154
Q

patient position for Lateral Cervicothoracic (Swimmer’s)

A

Upright, seated or standing, in true lateral position

Recumbent true lateral position with head resting on arm or other firm support

155
Q

what is it called when the patient is standing up for Lateral Cervicothoracic (Swimmer’s)

A

Twinning
Method

156
Q

what is it called when patient is lying down for Lateral Cervicothoracic (Swimmer’s)

A

Pawlow
Method

157
Q

what is the part position for Lateral Cervicothoracic (Swimmer’s)

A

MCP centered to midline of grid
Extend arm closer to IR above head, and rotate humeral head anteriorly
If upright, flex elbow, and rest forearm on head
Depress shoulder farther from IR, if possible
Head and body in true lateral position
C7-T1 interspace in center

158
Q

CR for Lateral Cervicothoracic (Swimmer’s)

A

Perpendicular to C7-T1 interspace if shoulder away from IR is depressed

159
Q

if shoulder cannot be depressed for Lateral Cervicothoracic (Swimmer’s) how much should you angle

A

If shoulder cannot be depressed, angle 3 to 5 degrees caudad

160
Q

Which essential projection of the cervical vertebrae demonstrates the left zygapophyseal joints?

A

Lateral, left lateral position

161
Q

What is the CR angle and direction for the AP axial oblique projection of the cervical vertebrae?

A

15 to 20 degrees cephalad

162
Q

Recomended breathing for AP Axial Cspine

A

Respiration suspended

163
Q

recomended breathing for AP Axial Obliques (LPO/RPO) cspine

A

Respiration suspended

164
Q

SID for AP Axial Obliques (LPO/RPO) Cspine

A

60-72inches

165
Q

recomended breathing and SID for PA Axial Obliques
(RAO/LAO)

A

Respiration suspended

60”-72” SID is recommended

166
Q

breathing and SID for lateral grandy method

A

Respiration suspended at end of full expiration

60”-72” SID is recommended

167
Q

breathing and SID for lateral flexion and extension

A

Respiration suspended

60-72” SID is recommended

168
Q

breathing and SID for AP fuchs method

A

Respiration suspended

40” SID

169
Q

breathing and SID for CERVICO-
THORACIC REGION
Lateral
Twining Method

A

Respiration suspended or use shallow breathing

40” SID

170
Q

Breathing and SID for Lateral
Pawlow Method CERVICO-
THORACIC REGION

A

Respiration suspended

40” SID

Radiology Positioning (8 decks)

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