Final review : Leg, knee, femur , foot, ankle Flashcards
1
Q
Two bones of the leg
A
tibia and fibula
2
Q
largest second bone in the body
A
tibia
3
Q
what side is the tibia located on
A
medial
4
Q
what side is the fibula located on
A
lateral side and slightly posterior
5
Q
two prominent and palpable processes on the proximal end of the tibia
A
medial and lateral condyles
6
Q
sharp projection between articular facets
A
intercondylar eminence
7
Q
what forms articular facets (plateus) for femur as part as the knee joint
A
superior surfaces of condyles
8
Q
has facet on posterior surface for articulation with the fibula
A
lateral condyle
9
Q
-anterior surface of tibia, inferior to condyles
-serves as point of attachment for muscles
A
tibial tuberosity
10
Q
-located at distal end of tibia
-palpable landmark
-forms part of ankle mortise
A
medial malleolus
11
Q
-triangular depression for articulation with distal fibula
-distal tibiofibular joint is amphiarthotic (slightly moveable)
A
fibular notch
12
Q
both classified as long bone
A
tibia and fibula
13
Q
does not bear weight
A
fibula
14
Q
proximal end of fibula and articulates with lateral condyle of tibia
A
head of fibula
15
Q
conical projection on lateral, posterior head
A
apex of fibula
16
Q
-distal end of fibula
-forms part of ankle mortise
-projects lower than medial malleolus
A
lateral malleolus
17
Q
-formed by femoral condyles and tibial plateaus
- synovial diarthrodial, hinge type joint
-protected by patella
-supported by ligaments
stabilized and cushioned by menisci
A
knee
18
Q
lie on tibial plateuas
A
lateral and medial maniscus
19
Q
largest, most constant sesamoid bone in the body
A
patella
20
Q
-situated on the distal, anterior femur
-develops in quadriceps femoris tendon between 3 and 5 years of age
-triangular shaped
-apex points toward knee
-base is superior aspect
A
patella
21
Q
largest bone in the body
A
femur
22
Q
-proximal, rounded end
-articulates with acetabulum of pelvis to form hip joint
A
head of femur
23
Q
slender region just below head
A
neck of femur
24
Q
large prominent, palpable process at proximal end of lateral side
A
greater trochanter
25
located medial and posterior surface of femur
lesser trochanter
26
distal end, just above condyles
-designated as medial and lateral
epicondyles of femur
27
-expanded, palpable distal ends
-medial and lateral articulate with tibia to form knee joint
condyles of femur
28
depression between condyles on posterior surface of femur
intercondylar fossa
29
CR for AP and lateral lower leg
- perp to center of leg
30
distance for AP and lateral lower leg
SID maybe rasied to 48 inches to decrease magnification to fit image on IR
31
where is the lateral malleolus
on the fibula
32
where is the medial malleolus
on the tibia
33
If the leg does not fit for tib fib what can you do
-turn cassette catty corner
- increase sid to 48
34
what two joints do you need for the tib fib
ankle and knee joints
35
do you need to dorsiflex for ap and lateral tib fib
yes
36
how are the femoral condyles in the lateral tib fib
superimposed and perpendicular to IR
37
what is perpendicular to the IR in lateral leg
-patella
-femoral condyles
38
what views of the knee must be standing
weight bearing knees
39
distance for weight bearing knees
40 inches
40
how much do you angle for AP knee
5-7 degrees
41
where do you center for AP knee
1/2 inch below the patellar apex
42
how are the femoral epicondyles in the AP knee
parallel with IR
43
for a lateral knee, how much should you bend the knee?
20 to 30 degrees
44
how much do you angle the tube for a lateral knee?
5 to 7 degrees cephalic angle to move the medial condyles superior to superimpose it
45
which condyle has the adductor tubercle
medial condyle
46
what is the main purpose to put an angle on the lateral knee
because the medial condyles sit lower and we want to superimpose them
47
what is perpendicular in the lateral knee
epicondyles and patella are perpendicular to IR
48
what is superimposed in the lateral knee
condyles
49
where are we centering for a lateral knee
enters knee joint 1 inch distal to medial epicondyle
50
what is in profile in a lateral knee
patella
51
is the medial condyle anterior or posterior
anterior
52
is the lateral condyle anterior or posterior
posterior
53
how much do you rotated knee for medial oblique?
45 degrees medially
54
where do you center for medial oblique knee
1/2 inch below patellar apex
55
how do you know its a medial oblique knee
separate head of fibula and tibia, lateral condyle more magnified and the separation
56
rotation of knee for lateral oblique knee
45 degrees
57
what is being best demonstrated for lateral oblique knee
medial condyle
58
CR for ap oblique lateral knee
enters 1/2 inch below patellar apex
59
how is the fibula in the lateral oblique knee
fibula is rolling behind the tibia, laying on anterior surface of it
60
central ray for ap knee weight bearing
-horizontal and pependicular to center of IR
-enters 1/2 inch below patellar apex
61
for the knee, where do we measure at to determine the degree of angulation
the ASIS
62
In the AP knee, is the fibula superimposed over the tibia?
slightly- 1/4 of an inch
63
in the lateral oblique knee how is the fibula
fibula is superimposed on the anterior portion of the tibia
64
How do we know its a medial oblique knee?
Separates the fibula and tibia (joint space open between space of fibula head and tibia)
65
What are the views for the intercondylar fossa
holmblad (PA)
Camp coventry (PA)
Beclere (AP)
66
How much do you flex the knee for the Holmblad method
70 degrees
67
what is the CR for all three views for the intercondylar fossa
Perp to the tib fib
68
what is the patient position for camp coventry
prone
69
how is the knee flexed in the camp coventry and how much is the tube angled
knee flexed 40-50 degrees and tube angled 40-50 degrees
70
How is the knee flexed in the beclere
60 degrees
71
Settegast view is also called
sunrise view
72
tube angle for settegast (sunrise views)
Varies depending on the patients abilities to bending
73
what is in profile in the settegast view
patella
74
What kind of view is settegast
tangential
75
What is the CR for PA patella
perp to midpopliteal area
76
How much do you rotate the heel for the PA patella
5-10 degrees
77
Why is it preferred to do patella PA
because it is closer to the IR, better detail
78
Most common fracture of the patella
Transverse fractures
79
how much is the knee flexed in a lateral patella
5 to 10 degrees
80
how is the patella in a lateral patella
perp and in profile
81
CR for lateral patella
perp to ir, center over joint space between patella and femur
82
Rule out transveres fracture of patella before attempting this projection
Tangential patella (settegast)
83
CR for settegast
angle varies, perp to ir, perp to joint space
84
how is the patient positioned for hughston method
prone
85
How much do we rotate foot for the ap femur
10 to 15 degrees inward
86
what does rotating the foot do in the AP femur
Greater trochanter in profile and puts the femoral neck parallel to IR
87
What is being best demonstrated in the AP femur
greater trochanter
88
In the lateral femur what is being best demonstrated
The lesser trochanter
89
CR for the AP femur
perp to the IR
90
in the AP femur where should the top of the IR be?
at the ASIS
91
CR for the lateral femur?
perp to midpoint of IR
92
how is the patella in the lateral femur
in profile
93
how much do you rotate the pelvis for a lateral femur
10-15 degrees
94
eversion and inversion of the ankle or foot
stress view
95
distance for all of the lower limbs
40 inches
96
How many bones are in the foot
26
97
how many phalanges, metatarsals, and tarsal bones are there
14 phalanges
5 metatarsals
7 tarsals
98
what are the 7 tarsal bones
-calcaneus
-talus
-navicular
-cuboid
-three cuniforms
99
largest tarsal bone
calcaneus
100
second largest tarsal bone
talus
101
what joint does the talus articulate with the calcaneus at
"subtalar" joint
102
on the lateral side between calcaneus and the fourth and fifth metatarsals
Cuboid
103
On medial side between calcaneus and the cuneiforms
Navicular
104
what cuneiform is the smallest and largest
medial-largest
intermediate-smallest
105
The ankle joint is formed by articulation between the talus and the:
-lateral malleolus of fibula
-inferior surface of tibia
-medial malleolus of tibia
106
-small detached bones found in the foot
-usually form in points of stress near a joint
-usually found on the posterior surface of first MTP joint
-is possible to fracture and is very painful when fractured
Sesamoid
107
why is AP axial toes recommended rather with no angle
To open the joint spaces and reduce foreshortening
108
what is the holly and lewis views for?
tangential views for the sesamoid bones
109
Where do you center for the AP foot
perp to base of the 3rd metatarsal
110
What is the CR for the AP axial foot
5-7 degrees toward heel to the base of the third metatarsal
111
what does the AP axial foot demonstrate better than the AP foot
the axial projection demonstrates the tarsometatarsal joint spaces better and reduces foreshortening
112
term for top of the foot
dorsum
113
term for bottom of the foot
plantar
114
how much do you rotate the foot for the AP oblique medial rotation foot
30 degrees so the cuboid is parallel with the IR and best seen
115
what is important to include for ap medial oblique foot
cuboid, base of fifth, and heel
116
CR for AP medial oblique foot
perp to base of the 3rd metatarsal
117
what is the view that best demonstrates the cuboid
AP oblique medial rotation
118
CR for lateral foot
perp to base of metatarsals
119
do you dorsiflex for lateral foot
yes
120
when do you dorsiflex
when the ankle is involved
121
why is weightbearing feet done
to show the structure of the longitudinal arch
122
what is the CR for the axial (plantodorsal) Calcaneus
40 degrees cephalic
enters plantar surface at base of the third metatarsal
123
how much do you angle the tube for the plantodorsal calcaneus
40 degrees
124
How do we know what the medial aspect of the heel is?
the curvature, its concaved on the medial aspect
125
what is the other view besides plantardorsal for the heel
lateral
126
what joints do we need to see in the heel
subtalar joints
127
what do you need to be sure to include in the heel
dorsiflex, make sure to have ankle joints and base of the fifth
128
what fracture occurs at the base of the fifth
Jones Fracture (avulsion fracture)
129
CR for lateral calcaneus
perp to calcaneus
130
What bones make up the ankle joint
fibula, talus, tibia
131
CR for AP ankle
perp through ankle to midway between the malleoli
132
CR for lateral ankle
perp to ankle joint
enter medial mallelous
133
what do you need to include on lateral ankle
Be sure to dorsiflex and include heel and the fifth metatarsal base
134
How much do you rotate the foot for medial oblique ankle
45 degrees
135
CR for oblique ankle
perp to ankle joint, midway between the malleoli
136
why do we obliqe 45 degrees for oblique ankle
open joint spaces on lateral aspect to take fibula off of talus
137
how much do we rotate foot for ap oblique mortise
15 to 20 to open up joint spaces all around the ankle mortise
138
why is stress views done
to verify ligamentous tears
139
CR for PA ribs
perp to IR
140
Breathing technique for PA upper ribs
Full respiration
141
CR for AP ribs
Perp to center to IR
142
Breathing technique for AP ribs
upper- inspiration
lower-expiration
143
Rotation for AP oblique ribs
45 degree RPO or LPO
144
Where should the IR be for upper ribs oblique
place top of IR 1 1/2 inches above shoulder
145
Where should the IR be for lower ribs oblique
Place lower edge of IR at level of iliac crests
146
CR for AP oblique ribs
perp to center of IR
147
Rotation for PA oblique ribs
45 degree RAo or LAO
148
CR for PA oblique Ribs
perp to center of IR
149
