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Radiography for Veterinary Technicians > Positioning and Small Animal Radiographs > Flashcards

Positioning and Small Animal Radiographs Flashcards

1
Q

Use of relatively high Peak Kilovoltage (kVp) provides ___ among abdominal and thoracic structures because the higher kVp results in ___.

A

-Greater contrast
Greater shades of gray

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2
Q

If difference between the target areas is small, the patient is positioned with the ___ part towards the ___ end of the X-ray tube to take advantage of the heel effect

A

-Thickest
-Cathode

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3
Q

When taking a lateral abdominal view, place foam pads ___ to avoid rotation of the abdomen

A

-Under the sternum and between limbs

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4
Q

Describe collimation for a lateral abdominal view.

A

-Cranial: Halfway between the caudal border of the scapula and the xiphoid (includes diaphragm and apex of heart)

-Caudal: Coxofemoral joints

-Dorsal: Spinous processes of vertebral column

Ventral: Sternum

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5
Q

Describe collimation for a ventrodorsal abdominal view.

A

-Lateral: Abdominal wall within V-trough

-Cranial: Halfway between the caudal border of the scapula and the xiphoid (includes diaphragm and apex of heart)

-Caudal: Coxofemoral joints

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6
Q

What should you ensure are superimposed when taking a ventrodorsal abdominal projection with the horizontal beam (Lateral Decubitus)?

A

Ensure the sternum and spine are superimposed

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7
Q

___ is used when the heart is the primary organ of interest, whereas the ___ provides better visualization of the lungs.

A

-Dorsoventral
-Ventrodorsal

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8
Q

When lesions are suspected in one lung, the patient should be positioned with the ___ lung down on the table.

A

Unaffected

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9
Q

Maximum contrast is obtained when the lungs are ___.

A

-Filled with air

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10
Q

When are thoracic images exposed on a patient with suspected pneumothorax?

A

The image would be exposed during the expiratory pause

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11
Q

How should foam pads be positioned when taking a lateral thoracic view?

A

Place foam pads under the sternum to avoid rotation and maintain alignment of the sternum and spine

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12
Q

Describe collimation for a lateral thoracic view.

A

-Cranial: Thoracic inlet

-Caudal: 1st lumbar vertebrae

-Dorsal: Spinous processes of the vertebrae

-Ventral: Xiphoid process of sternum

-Entire rib cage within collimated area

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13
Q

Describe collimation for a ventrodorsal thoracic view.

A

-Cranial: Thoracic inlet

-Caudal:1st lumbar vertebrae

-Lateral: Body wall
V-trough entirely within collimated area

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14
Q

When should the lateral decubitus thoracic view be used?

A

-When the presence of air or fluid within the thorax is suspected
-When the animal would be compromised using the standard ventrodorsal position

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15
Q

Describe collimation for a ventrodorsal thoracic horizontal beam/lateral decubitus view.

A

-Cranial: Thoracic inlet

-Cauda: 1st lumbar vertebrae

-Entire rib cage within collimated area

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16
Q

A standing lateral position can be used when the presence of ___ within the thorax is suspected or when the animal would be compromised using the standard positioning

A

-Air or fluid

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17
Q

The ___provides a number of services focused on reducing the incidence of inherited diseases

A

Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA)

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18
Q

OFA provides evaluation services for dogs to certify that they do not have ____.

A

Hip dysplasia

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19
Q

The ___ technique is an additional procedure used for evaluation of dogs for hip dysplasia

A

PennHIP

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20
Q

What does the PennHIP technique evaluate?

A

Evaluates both the quality of the hip joints and the degree of hip joint laxity

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21
Q

What does PennHIP require?

A

-The procedure must be performed by a PennHIP certified veterinary staff and is reviewed by certified veterinary radiologists
-In addition to the traditional extended hip projection, the PennHIP method requires 2 radiographs (a distraction and compression view) that are used to make precise measurements of hip laxity

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22
Q

Describe collimation for a lateral pelvic view.

A

-Cranial: Slightly cranial to the cranial edge of ilium

-Caudal: Caudal border of ischium

-Dorsal: Include 1⁄3 of femurs

-Ventral: Spinous processes of vertebrae

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23
Q

Describe positioning for a lateral pelvic view.

A

-Affected side closest to the cassette

-Foam wedges between limbs to superimpose the pelvic bones and maintain femurs parallel to cassette

-Limbs in scissor position (bottom leg extended cranially and upper leg extended caudally) OR parallel with foam wedge to maintain position

24
Q

Describe positioning for a ventrodorsal pelvic view.

A

-Hindlimbs extended evenly into full extension and parallel to each other (digits even and parallel to the table)

-Stifles rotated medially so that they are parallel to each other and the table

-Patellas must be centered over the trochlear groove

-Tail must be aligned with spine

25
Q

Describe collimation for a ventrodorsal pelvic view.

A

-Cranial: Cranial to the crest of the ilium

-Caudal: Distal to the patellas

-Lateral: Lateral to the greater trochanters

26
Q

Describe positioning for a ventrodorsal frogleg pelvic view.

A

-Hindlimbs in natural flexed position
-For most patients, the femurs will assume an angle of 45 degrees to the spine
-In larger dogs, the angle is often 90 degrees

27
Q

Describe collimation for a ventrodorsal frogleg pelvic view.

A

-Cranial: Cranial to the wing of the ilium

-Caudal: Caudal border of ischium

-Include proximal 1⁄3 of femurs

28
Q

Care must be taken to keep the limb as close to the cassette as possible and parallel to the cassette to avoid ___.

A

Magnification and distortion of the image

29
Q

When the area of interest is a long bone, the ___ to the bone are included.

A

Joints proximal and distal

30
Q

Images of the joints include about __ of the bone proximal and distal to the joint.

A

1/3

31
Q

Describe positioning for a mediolateral femoral view.

A

-Patient in lateral recumbency with affected limb toward cassette

-Forelimbs pulled cranially

-Unaffected limb abducted laterally to be out of the way of the affected femoral head

-Femoral head toward cathode end of X-ray tube

32
Q

Describe positioning for a craniocaudal femoral view.

A

-Dorsal recumbency in V-trough

-Tape legs down individually to table

-Place band of tape around femurs just proximal to the stifles and pull femurs together so as to bring the patellas straight over the distal femurs

-Place sponge under tarsus to avoid rotation of stifle

33
Q

Describe positioning for oblique tarsal views.

A

-For the dorsolateral/planteromedial oblique projection, tilt the patient or the X-ray tube head 15 to 20 degrees so that the medial side of the limb is facing the X-ray tube head

-For the dorsomedial/plantarolateral oblique projection, tilt the patient or the X-ray tube head 15 to 20 degrees so that the lateral side of the limb is facing the X-ray tube head

34
Q

Describe positioning for a flexed lateral tarsal view.

A

-Patient in lateral recumbency with affected limb down

-Use tape to hold affected limb in flexed position

-Unaffected limb taped around stifle and tarsus and pulled laterally out of the way

35
Q

Describe positioning for a dorsopalmar projection of the digits.

A

-Patient in ventral recumbency

-Hindlimbs extended caudally

-Use tape or cotton balls to extend the lateral toe cranially and medial toe caudally

36
Q

Describe positioning for a caudocranial projection of the shoulder.

A

-Patient in dorsal recumbency in V-trough

-Extend forelimbs cranially

-Reflect head laterally toward unaffected limb

37
Q

Describe mediolateral positioning for a lateral projection of the scapula.

A

-Lateral recumbency with the affected limb against the cassette

-Extend affected limb dorsally

-Deflect head ventrally
Extend unaffected limb cranially

38
Q

Describe mediolateral lateromedial positioning for a lateral projection of the scapula.

A

-Lateral recumbency with the unaffected limb against the cassette

-Extend affected limb cranially

-Deflect head ventrally
Extend unaffected limb cranially

39
Q

Describe collimation for caudocranial projection of the scapula.

A

-Patient in dorsal recumbency with abdominal area in V-trough

-Maintain head in alignment with spine (if spine appears superimposed over scapula, tilt the head slightly lateral from affected limb)

-Extend hindlimbs caudally

-Extend forelimbs cranially

40
Q

Forelimb images are usually taken with the X-ray cassette ___ because the measurement for dog and cat limbs tends to be fairly small

A

On the tabletop

41
Q

Describe positioning for a lateral view of the skull.

A

-Lateral recumbency with the affected side toward the cassette

-Canine teeth are even and parallel with the cassette

-Foam pads under the mandible to maintain the sagittal plane of the skull parallel to the cassette

42
Q

Describe positioning for a rostrocaudal sinuses closed mouth projection.

A

-Dorsal recumbency with forelimbs secured caudally

-Foam pad or sandbag positioned under neck

Tape the nose caudally to maintain hard palate perpendicular to the X-ray cassette and parallel to the X-ray beam

43
Q

Describe positioning for a rostrocaudal foramen magnum projection.

A

-Dorsal recumbency with forelimbs secured caudally

-Foam pad or sandbag positioned under neck

-Tape the nose caudally so that the patient’s nose is tilted approximately 30 degrees with the mandible close to the chest

44
Q

Describe positioning for a rostrocaudal sinuses open mouth projection.

A

-Dorsal recumbency with forelimbs secured caudally

-Open the mouth, and tape the maxillary canines in a position that results in the hard palate parallel to the cassette

-Tape the mandibular canines with the tongue (and endotracheal tube) and deflect caudally so that the mandible is about 10 degrees from the perpendicular plane of the X-ray beam

45
Q

Describe the positioning for a lateral oblique tympanic bulla view.

A

-Lateral recumbency with the unaffected side toward the cassette

-Allow the head to lie naturally against the cassette to produce a 30 to 40 degree oblique projection

46
Q

Describe the positioning for a lateral oblique temporomandibular joint view.

A

-Lateral recumbency with the affected side toward the cassette

-Allow the head to lie naturally against the cassette to produce an oblique projection

-Use an oblique projection of approximately 10 degrees for dolichocephalic breeds, 15 degrees for mesocephalic breeds, and 25 to 30 degrees for brachycephalic breeds

-Place a foam pad under the mandible to lift the rostral part of the skull (at the nose) up approximately 10 degrees

47
Q

Describe the positioning for a dorsoventral temporomandibular joint view.

A

-Ventral recumbency

-Sandbag placed across the cervical region to maintain placement of the head parallel to the cassette

-Tape across the maxilla to maintain vertical alignment of the head on the cassette

48
Q

Describe collimation for a ventrodorsal cervical spine view.

A

-Base of the skull to the shoulder joint

-If there is a significant difference in measurement between the cranial and caudal areas of the cervical spine, two views are taken

-Measure and center on the C2-C3 space and collimate from the base of the skull to C4 for the cranial view

-The caudal view is measured and centered on the C5-C6 space and collimated to contain C4 through T1

49
Q

Describe positioning and collimation for a lateral cervical spine projection.

A

-Lateral recumbency

-Forelimbs extended and secured caudally

-Foam pad under mandible to maintain spinal column parallel to cassette

-Foam pad along the sternum to avoid rotation of the spinal column

-Base of the skull to the shoulder joint

50
Q

Describe positioning for an extended lateral cervical spine view.

A

-Lateral recumbency

-Hindlimbs extended caudually; forelimbs extended cranially

-Foam pad under mandible to maintain spinal column parallel to cassette

-Foam pad along the sternum to avoid rotation of the spinal column

-Use gauze or tape to hyperextend the neck dorsally

51
Q

Describe positioning for a flexed lateral cervical spine view.

A

-Lateral recumbency

-Forelimbs extended and secured caudally

-Foam pad under mandible to maintain spinal column parallel to cassette

-Foam pad along the sternum to avoid rotation of the spinal column

-Use gauze or tape to fully flex the neck caudally

-Flexion must be even throughout all cervical vertebrae

52
Q

Describe collimation for a ventrodorsal thoracic spine view.

A

-Midpoint of xyphoid and last rib to spine of the scapula

-Must include C7 to L1

53
Q

Describe collimation for a lateral thoracic spine view.

A

-Midpoint of xyphoid and last rib to spine of the scapula

-Must include C7 to L1

54
Q

Describe collimation for ventrodorsal and lateral thoracolumbar spine views.

A

Xyphoid to last rib

55
Q

Describe collimation for ventrodorsal and lateral lumbar spine views.

A

Last rib to acetabulum

56
Q

Describe collimation for ventrodorsal and lateral lumbosacral spine views.

A

T13 to the lumbosacral joint

57
Q

Describe positioning and collimation for lateral and ventrodorsal coccygeal spine views.

A

-Dorsal recumbency in V-trough

-Hindlimbs in natural position

-Tail extended caudally

-Cranial to lumbosacral joint to tip of tail

Radiography for Veterinary Technicians (7 decks)

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