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NAVLE > Porcine Pathogens > Flashcards

Porcine Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia

A

inject with enrofloxacin

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2
Q

Adenovirus

A

diarrhea and GI disease in piglets

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3
Q

Ascaris suum

A

nematode, treat with ivermectin . Primarily found in the small intestine of pigs. If there is a large enough burden of the worms, they can cause obstruction of the intestine, migrate into the bile ducts and cause icterus. Migration through the liver causes fibrosis or “white spots.” Pulmonary edema can also be a sequela of the larvae, causing abdominal breathing or “thumps.” Common in outdoor swine due to high environmental contamination. Susceptible to avermectin and piperazine

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4
Q

Atrophic rhinitis (AR)

A

caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida type D. Pigs become infected from the sow shortly after birth. Best way to control/eliminate AR is to select breeding stock that is negative for AR. Antibiotic treatment and flunixin will not reverse the condition and will probably not have any effects when nasal deviation is already present. If problem severe throughout herd, depopulation and restocking is an option. Can vaccinate with bacterin vaccines or purchase genetic stock free of AR

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5
Q

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

A

Swine Dysentery - grower/finish pigs - diarrhea

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6
Q

Brachyspira pilosicoli

A

associated with spirochaetal colitis

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7
Q

Brucella suis

A

Commercial herds in US are free, by feral swine have tested positive for Burcella suis. Often occurs in healthy appearing animals, abortions occur at any stage in gestation. There are usually few fetal or placental lesions, but the fetus may by autolyzed.

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8
Q

Classical Swine Fever

A

Considered a foreign animal disease in the U.S. Pestivirus from the family Flaviviridae. Animals exposed to BVD (does not usually cause disease in pigs, but pigs exposed to the virus seroconvert) can cross-react to CSF assay.

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9
Q

Colibacillosis

A

Enteric E. coli

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10
Q

Edema disease cause

A

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (F18), fatal disease of rapid growing weaners pigs

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11
Q

Enterotoxigenic E. coli

A

produces a heat stable toxin called Stx2e *Shiga toxin 2e). When absorbed into the blood, this toxin destroys endothelial cells in small vessels, resulting in blood clots, hemorrhagic, ischemic necrosis, and edema in vital organs, including the brain. Presentation: weaner pigs with anorexia, diarrhea, and edema of the eyelids, forehead and lips, dyspnea and open-mouthed breathing, some weak and circling. Do not have fever. Treatment: Ceftiofur in sick animals and gentamicin in the water

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12
Q

Eperythrozoonosis

A

Eperythrozoon (mycoplasma) suis bacteria

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13
Q

Erysipelas

A

diamond-shaped skin lesions and necrosis of the ears and tail

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14
Q

Erysipelathrix rhusiopathrix

A

bacteria; cause of erysipelas, treat with penicillin

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15
Q

Exudative Epidermitis

A

“Greasy pig disease” caused by bacteria Staphylococcus hyicus

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16
Q

Fasciola hepatica

A

liver fluke - parasitic trematode, snail intermediate host (Galba truncatula), Oxfendazole treatment

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17
Q

Glasser’s Disease

A

Caused by Haemophilus parasuis. Usually characterized by sudden death but can often also lead to painful joints, pneumonia, and occasionally neurologic signs. Lesions show fibrinopurulent pleuritis, pericarditis, and peritonitis. Meningitis is usually responsible for the cause of neurologic signs and seizures. This disease most commonly affects piglets from 2 weeks to 4 months of age. Morbidity rate can reach up to 50-70% and mortality rate up to 10%.

PM: lesion polyserositis

Treatment: inject pigs with ceftifur

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18
Q

Greasy pig disease

A

exudative dermatitis caused by Staphylococcus hyicus. Causes dark, greasy, brown skin lesions in the axilla, groin, head, and face.

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19
Q

Haematopinnus suis

A

louse

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20
Q

Haemophilus parasuis

A

bacteria “glassers” Characterised by sudden death but can often also lead to painful joints, pneumonia, and occasionally neurologic signs. Lesions show fibrinopurulent pleuritis, pericarditis, and peritonitis. Meningitis is usually responsible for the cause of neurologic signs and seizures. Most commonly affects piglets from 2 weeks to 4 months of age.

Resistant to penicillin (used to be drug of choice) and all other choices are not permitted for use in food animals in the USA (ampicillin, ceftifur, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, spectinomycin, tetracyclines, tiamulin, tilmicosin, and potentiated sulfas)

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21
Q

Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome (HBS)

A

Present with sudden death, necropsy - grossly distended intestines with diffuse hemorrhagic tissue. Contents will be hemorrhagic and liquid (would be clotted if acute ileitis)

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22
Q

Isospora suis

A

causes coccidiosis in pigs Several anti-coccidial agents can be considered although efficacy may vary. Ponazuril, Sulfamethazine, amprolium, and decoquinate. Agents reduce parasite burdens and shedding, but are frequently con completely effective at eradicating the parasite.

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23
Q

Lameness differentials for young pigs

A

Mycoplasma hyorhinis, Streptococcus suis, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, and Haemophilus parasuis

24
Q

Lawsonia intracellularis

A

a proliferative enteritis of grower/finisher pigs - intracellular organism

25
Q

Leptospirosis

A

most important problem: reproductive failure. Acute leptospirosis in young pigs causes fever, anorexia, hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria, jaundice, and failure to grow. Chronic infections in dam cause reproductive failure as late term abortions, mummies, or weak piglets that die in a few days. Dams usually recover, conceive again, and carry their litters to full term.

Treatment: Tetracylines

26
Q

Metastrongylus spp.

A

lungworm - earth worms intermediate host

27
Q

Microsporum nanum

A

dermatophyte - ringworm in pig

28
Q

Mycoplama hyonoviae

A

bacteria causes arthritis and it typically seen in older pigs

29
Q

Mycoplasma hyorhinis

A

Diagnosed by PCR. can cause arthritis in swine and is found in younger pigs while M. hyosynoviae is found in older pigs. Mycoplasmas are difficult to culture and require special media, PCR testing is a more sensitive and quicker technique.

30
Q

Mycoplasma hyponeumonia

A

attach to and disrupt pulmonary mucociliary apparatus and thus preventing it from functioning properly. This, in turn, makes the lungs much more susceptible to other bacterial infections.

31
Q

Mycoplasma suis

A

commonly causes anemia, primarily lives on the surface of erythrocytes and causes anemia in pigs of all ages.

32
Q

Oesophagostomum ssp

A

nematode, susceptible to avermectin and piperazine

found in lumen of large intestine

Most infections are asymptomatic, but heavily infected pigs may show anorexia, emaciation, and GI disturbances

33
Q

Paramyxovirus

A

“blue eye”

34
Q

Parvovirus

A

Parvovirus infections in gilts usually results in an inapparent infection. Bred gilts returning to heat most consistent sign. A transient leukopenia may occur, but the first noticed sign is usually the return to heat of a bred gilt. This is likely due to embryo resorption. Other signs may include mummified fetuses, weak piglets, small litters, or still births. Abortions are rare because the endometrium is not affected, so there is no PGF2-alpha released.

35
Q

Picronavirus

A

non-enveloped upper respiratory virus

36
Q

Pityriasis rosea

A

non-contagious, unknown etiology, resolves on its own

Do not need to treat

37
Q

Porcine Circovirus Associated Disease (PCVAD)

A

High mortality

Diagnosis required 3 parts: 1. At least a doubling of mortality (clinical history). 2. Demonstration of lymphoid depletion (histopathology). 3. High number of PCV2 antigen in the lesion (immunohistochemistry on tissue).

This disease causes illness in piglets, with clinical signs including progressive loss of body condition, visibly enlarged lymph nodes, difficulty in breathing, and sometimes diarrhea, pale skin, and jaundice

38
Q

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)

A

Cause of abortion - can vaccinate

Test for virus via serum PCR, sow usually abort shortly after infection and should still be viremic.

39
Q

Proliferative enteropathy (PHE)

A

caused by Lawsonia intracellularis. Due to its acute nature, PHE does not always allow for gross evidence of proliferation. Lesions located in the small intestines, as well as indications of red clotted blood, is almost pathognomonic for this condition.

40
Q

pseudorabies

A

“Aujeszky’s disease” - Respiratory infection is usually asymptomatic in pigs more than 2 months old, but it can cause abortion, high mortality in piglets, and coughing, sneezing, fever, constipation, depression, seizures, ataxia, circling, and excess salivation in piglets and mature pigs. Mortality in piglets less than one month of age is close to 100%, but it is less than 10% in pigs between one and six months of age. Pregnant swine can reabsorb their litters or deliver mummified, stillborn, or weakened piglets

41
Q

Rotavirus

A

small intestinal diarrhea

42
Q

Salmonella enterica (formerly choleraesuis)

A

rectal strictures

43
Q

Samonella typhimirin

A

associated with button ulcers in the colon

44
Q

Spirochaetal colitis

A

diarrhea 2-6 weeks post-weaning, similar presentation to Lawsonians. Last 7-10 days but some become chronic.

No diagnosis but want to rule out Lawsonians on PM

45
Q

Stephanurus dentatus

A

kidney worm, earthworm intermediate host

Diagnosis on urinalysis. The parasites are often in or near the kidney, in the ureters, or in perirenal fat. Posterior ataxia or paralysis can occur due to larvae migrating along the spinal cord. Diagnosis is usually made on necropsy of by finding ova in the urine.

46
Q

Streptococcus suis

A

Infections usually affect nursing or recently weaned pigs. Clinical signs can be associated with polyarthritis, bronchopneumonia, sepsis, or meningitis. Morbidity and mortality vary greatly and are improved with treatment.

47
Q

Stronguloides ransomi

A

threadworm in pigs, transmitted in colostrum, susceptible to ivermectin and benzimidazoles.

Reside in the small intestine of suckling piglets. Pigs may not show any clinical signs with only light infections. Heavy infection can cause diarrhea, anemia, emaciation, and death. Diagnosis can be made by fecal flotation, by an intestinal mucosal scraping, or necropsy.

48
Q

Swine Pox

A

1-2 cm round papules, pustules, vesicles, and scabs on the ventral abdomen. Young and growing pigs most severely affected. Often transmitted by biting insects, particularly lice. Usually does not require treatment, unless lesions become secondarily infected.

49
Q

Transmissible Gastroenteritis

A

Coronavirus

50
Q

Trichinella spiralis

A

ingestion of encysted larvae in muscle (rodents, raw garbage, or cannibalism). Worm can infect most mammals. Humans can get infection from eating inadequately cooked pork.

51
Q

Trichuris suis

A

whipworm found in the cecum and large intestine, clinical signs of loose stool with mucous and some blood in finishing pigs. Causes hemorrhagic to mucohemorrhagic enteritis. Susceptible to avermectin or piperazine.

52
Q

Vesicular exanthema

A

also affects sea lions

Currently only a concern among California pig farms, indistinguishable fro FMD and Vesicular stomatitis

Transmission from seafood, once on farm, transmission via pig to pig contact

53
Q

Vesicular stomatitis

A

Rhabdovirus, infects insects, cattle, horses and pigs.

Clinically indifferent from FMD

No treatment, rely on biosecurity

54
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A

A shortage in the diet can lead to head tilt, incoordination, reduced weight gains, and weak rear limbs in young pigs, especially an increase in middle ear infections, as also seen in turtles. In sows, it can cause embryonic mortality and congenital defects in their offspring.

55
Q

Zearalenone

A

Mycotoxin that can be found in feed. Causes prolonged heat cycles due to high estrogens and is most common cause of cystic ovarian disease.

NAVLE (32 decks)

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