Equine Pathogens

Question 1

African Horse Sickness

Answer 1

viral respiratory disease of horses but signs are primarily pulmonary. Transmitted by insects, primarily Culicoides. Clinical signs typically develop 5-7 days after infection and begin with fever and conjunctivitis. Some may recover, but many go on to develop the pulmonary and/or cardiac forms of AHS. The pulmonary form consists of acute respiratory distress, coughing, sweating, and foaming from the nostrils; this form is usually fatal. The cardiac form consists of edema of the head and neck as well as abdominal pain and depression. A characteristic sign is swelling in the indentation above the eyes (also referred to as swelling of the supraorbital fossa). About 50% of animals with the cardiac from die fo heart failure while the rest gradually recover after about one week.

Question 2

Anaplasma phagocytophilum

Answer 2

Equine Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis (formerly Ehrlichi equi)- clinical signs: fever, lethargy, tachycardia and limb edema. Microscopic observation of a morula within the neutrophil. Diagnosis can be supported via PCR assay. Spread via tick bites. Treat with oxytetracyline.

Question 3

Anhidrosis

Answer 3

The inability to sweat, which can be fatal if not addressed. The cause is unknown. It tends to occur in hot humid climates and may occur in horses raised in the climate or, more commonly, horses brought into the climate. The most successful treatment is to move the horse back to a more favorable climate.

Question 4

Anoplocephala magna

Answer 4

tapeworm of horse; usually found in the small intestine

Treat with pyrantel salts

involves free-living oribatid mites as intermediate hosts

Question 5

Anoplocephala perfoliata

Answer 5

tapeworm of horse; usually found in the ileocecal junction

Treat with pyrantel salts

involves free-living oribatid mites as intermediate hosts

Question 6

Auriculppalpebral nerve block

Answer 6

Disrupts motor to orbiculoris oculi

Question 7

Bog spavin

Answer 7

fluid distension of the high mobility joint in the hock called the tibiotarsal or tarsocrural joint

Question 8

Bone spavin

Answer 8

bony growth within the lower hock joint of horse or cattle. It is caused by osteoarthritis, and the degree of lameness that results can be serious enough to end a horse’s competitive career

Question 9

Borrelia burgdorferi

Answer 9

Lyme Disease

low-grade fever, stiffness and lameness in more than one limb, muscle tenderness, hyperesthesia, swollen joints, lethargy and behavioral changes

oxytetracycline of doxycycline

Question 10

Burkholderia mallei

Answer 10

Glanders - can be identified on smears make from fresh lesions as mainly extracellular straight gram-negative rods with rounded ends. Diagnostic tests: PCR, ELISA, and western blot but mostly need to know that are used in international trade are complement fixation (CF) serology and the mallein test. Mallein test is considered the most reliable, sensitive and specific. It involves injection of mallein purifies protein derivative intradermally into the lower eyelid. The test is read 24 to 48 hours and a positive reaction is characterized by edematous swelling or purulent discharge. Horse should not be treated; local authorities should be notified if a case is suspected and if disease is confirmed, horses must be humanely destroyed and affected carcasses should be burned and buried. Endemic in regions of the Middle East, Africa, and South America. Affects donkeys, mules, and small ruminants. Horses can become chronic or occult carriers and shed this deadly and potentially zoonotic pathogen.

Question 11

Buttress foot

Answer 11

also known as pyramidal disease or extensor process disease, arises secondary to excessive strain on the extensor process of P3 resulting in periostitis in the region of the pyramidal process. There is often associated fracture of the process. As the disease progresses, lameness worsens and skin of the cornet band becomes thickened and indurated. In addition, the wall of the hoof protrudes at the toe.

Question 12

C. pseudotuberculosis test

Answer 12

internal abscesses, hemagglutination inhibition test

Question 13

Cerebellar Abiotrophy

Answer 13

usually observed in foals which are less than one year of age, particularly 1-6 months of age. It is mostly seen in Arabian, Oldenburg, and Gotland breeds. There is no treatment and signs may be progressive. Diagnosis is based on a good history and clinical signs such as intention tremors, lack of a menace, hypermetria, and ataxia.

Question 14

Cervical vertebral malformations (Wobbler Syndrome)

Answer 14

Seen primarily in horses under a year of age

Question 15

Chorioptes equi

Answer 15

mange mite that is usually found around the foot and fetlock. It causes pruritic dermatitis that can cause the formation fo papules, crusts, thickened skin, as well as alopecia. The mites are often found in feathered hair around the fetlock of draft horse. Ivermectin is the treatment of choice.

Question 16

Chronic hepatitis histopathology

Answer 16

hepatocyte, damage, variable fibrosis, inflammatory infiltration, and evidence of biliary hyperplasia with bile stasis

Question 17

Chronic seborrheic dermatitis

Answer 17

“scratches” due to wet environment

Question 18

Club foot

Answer 18

Condition seen in horses secondary to contracture of the distal interphalangeal joint leading to steep hoof wall and shortened toe.

Question 19

Coggin’s test

Answer 19

EIA - effective in diagnosing infection in chronic asymptomatic carriers, immunodiffusion

Question 20

Common IM vaccine reaction

Answer 20

Strangles vaccine is associated with a soft tissue reaction, there is now an intra-nasal vaccine available with local protection

Question 21

Commonly injured when horse flips over backwards

Answer 21

Ruptured longus capitis

Question 22

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

Answer 22

“Pigeon fever” Causes ulcerative lymphangitis and abscesses in the pectoral region of horses. Treatment is aimed at hot packing the swellings and draining the abscesses. Antibiotic can be administered but have been known to prolong the disease by delay abscess formation.

Question 23

Culicoides

Answer 23

“sweet itch” Diffuse lesions, recurs seasonally in the warmer months and tends to worsen with age. Occurs due to an allergy to the saliva of the gnat. Pruritic and develop lesions on the poll, mane, and tail from self-trauma, ventral midline dermatitis can occur as well. Decrease exposure to gnats and treat with steroids.

Question 24

Cutaneous glanders

Answer 24

Also known as Farcy. The cutaneous form develops over several months, beginning with cough and dyspnea as well. Eventually nodules develop in subcutaneous tissue along the course of the lymphatics of the legs, costal areas, and ventrum. They can rupture and excrete infectious purulent exudate. Infected lymphatics may form thickened cord-like lesions that sometimes coalesce into a string of beads appearance know as “farcy pipes.” Nodular lesions of other organs may also be found.

Question 25

Dandy-Walker syndrome

Answer 25

Rare condition seen in Arabians and Thoroughbred foals which results in a midline defect of the cerebellum and cystic dilation of the four ventricle.

Question 26

Degenerative myeloencephalopathy

Answer 26

Seen primarily in horses under a year of age, causes a symmetrical ataxia.

Question 27

Dermatophilus congolensis

Answer 27

gram positive, non-acid fast, facultative anaerobic actinomycete. Causes crusting dermatitis in large animals when there is high moisture on the skin as well as mechanical irritation. Horses with long, wet haircoats are often affected. Lesions are commonly on the dorsum and pasterns of horses and are classically described as "paintbrush" lesions. Can be diagnosed with a direct smear preparation. Treatment includes keeping the haircoat clean and dry and penicillins if the lesions are severe. Lesions typically heal rapidly. "mud fever" - gram positive branching bacteria Enters skin that is damaged by wetness and causes suppurative crusts, usually along dorsum of horse.

Question 28

Dermatphytosis

Answer 28

Crusting dermal lesions KOH test

Question 29

DIC coagulation parameters

Answer 29

Prolongation of the prothrombin time (PT) and the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) reflect the underlying consumption and impaired synthesis of the coagulation cascade. Fibrinogen level has initially thought to be useful in the diagnosis of DIC but because it is an acute phase reactant, it will be elevated due to the underlying inflammatory condition. Therefore, a normal (or even elevated) level can occur in over 57% of cases. A low level, however, is more consistent with the consumptive process of DIC. A rapidly declining platelet count High levels of fibrin degradation products, including D-dimer, are found owing to the intense fibrinolytic activity stimulated by the presence of fibrin in the circulation. The peripheral blood smear may show fragmented red blood cells (known as schistocytes) due to shear stress from thrombi. However, this finding is neither sensitive nor specific for DIC

Question 30

Dictyocaulus arnfeldi

Answer 30

Lungworm; donkey definitive host - Baerman test

Question 31

Dourine

Answer 31

"covering sickness" trypanosomal (protozoa) venereal disease notifiable, causes paralysis Can only treat symptoms, no cure and no vaccination 50% mortality

Question 32

Draschia megastoma

Answer 32

migrating parasite that can cause focal granulomas in the lung

Question 33

Dry matter protein intake requirement

Answer 33

12%

Question 34

Eastern Equine Encephalomylitis (EEE)

Answer 34

Arbovirus with zoonotic potential - "sleeping sickness" transmitted by mosquitos mortality can be as high at 90%

Question 35

Ehrlichi equi

Answer 35

neutrophil, Equine Granulocytic Ehrilichiosis, lethargy, anorexia, fever, limb edema and hematology changes such as neutropenia and thrombocytopenia.

Question 36

Ehrlichia risticii

Answer 36

Potomac Horse Fever: lethargy, anorexia, fever, diarrhea (in less that 60% of cases) and laminitis. Diagnosis requires measurement of paired serum titer via immuno-flourescent antibodies or detection of the organism via PCR in the blood or feces.

Question 37

Enterolith in California

Answer 37

Magnesium ammonium phosphate due to alfalfa in California

Question 38

EPM treatment

Answer 38

Ponazuril, Nitazoxanide, folate inhibitors (Sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine)

Question 39

Equine Adenovirus

Answer 39

Normally found in the upper respiratory tract of the horse, but can cause a lower respiratory tract infection in immunocompromised individuals, particularly foals with those town conditions, leading to an often fatal pneumonia.

Question 40

Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy

Answer 40

Associated with a deficiency in Vitamin E. CLincial signs are usually in the form of a wide-based stance, conscious proprioceptive deficits, ataxia, paresis, and spasticity, which is worse in the hindlimbs.

Question 41

Equine Eosinophilic Granuloma

Answer 41

The lesions are nodular, nonulcerative, and nonpruritic. They often are found in the saddle, central truncal, and lateral cervical areas and may have a gray-white central core. Older lesions may become mineralized. Both insect bites and trauma have been suggested as causes, although the occasional onset during winter in cold climates and in noncontact saddle or tack areas suggests multifactorial causes

Question 42

Equine Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis

Answer 42

tick-borne infectious, noncontagious, seasonal disease rickettsial agent Anaplasma phagocytophilum Signs may be mild. Horses \<1 yr old may have a fever only; horses 1–3 yr old develop fever, depression, mild limb edema, and ataxia. Adults exhibit the characteristic signs of fever, partial anorexia, depression, reluctance to move, limb edema, petechiation, and icterus Demonstration of the characteristic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in a standard blood smear is diagnostic Treat with Oxytetracycline

Question 43

Equine Herpes Virus (AHV) Myeloencephalitis

Answer 43

Common clinical signs: bladder paralysis with urine dribbling, fecal retention, and hind limb ataxia. Xanthochromic CSF with the high protein and normal cell count also suggestive of EHV. Virus isolation can be attempted on buffy coat samples, nasal swabs, and/or CSF in an attempt to identify the virus.

Question 44

Equine Herpes Virus 3

Answer 44

Causes papules, pustules, and ulcers to the vestibular mucosa, vulvar skin, and the penis and prepuce (balanoposthitis). Less frequently, it can involve the skin of the face. There are no systemic signs or consequences of the infection, although secondary bacterial infections are possible. Spontaneous recovery usually occurs over about 2 weeks, and no treatment is usually required except sexual rest to prevent spread as balanoposthitis is venereally transmitted.

Question 45

Equine Protozoal Myeloenchephalitis (or myelitis) (EPM)

Answer 45

can be seen as any age and is caused by Sarcocystis neurona. It should be suspected when a horse has asymmetric neurological signs as it is a multifocal disease of the central nervous system. Clinical signs include hyporeflexia, spasticity, localized areas of sweating, cerebellar signs, head tilt. facial paralysis, circling, dysphagia, and blindness. This will result in damage of both white and gray matter.

Question 46

Equine Viral Arteritis

Answer 46

Venereal or aerosol - Nidovirales Typical cases are characterized by fever, depression, anorexia, leukopenia, dependent edema (especially of the lower hind extremities, scrotum, and prepuce in the stallion), conjunctivitis, supra- or periorbital edema, nasal discharge, respiratory distress, skin rash, temporary subfertility in affected stallions, abortion, and infrequently, illness and death in young foals Symptomatic treatment

Question 47

Fistulous withers

Answer 47

inflammation of the supraspinous bursa. This bursa is variable in size and location but is usually found between the second and fifth thoracic vertebrae and can extend ventrolaterally to the margin of the scapular cartilage. The etiology is thought to be infectious. Clinical signs are pain, heat, and swelling in the region of the bursa. After days to weeks, the bursa can rupture resulting in draining of fluid. Brucella abortus has been identified in up to 80% of clinical cases by serology and culture. Treatment consists of flushing the fistula and appropriate antibiotics.

Question 48

Fluid calculation

Answer 48

(deficit x BW) + maint (60 ml/kg/day)

Question 49

Foal pneumonia

Answer 49

Streptococcus zooepidemicus and Rhodococcus equi

Question 50

Fracture of basilan bone in foal

Answer 50

Cranial nerves VII and VIII located on proximal boarder

Question 51

Galvayne's groove

Answer 51

appears at 9 years of age

Question 52

Gasterophilus intestinalis

Answer 52

Horse bot fly, frequently asymptomatic but treatment recommended because it can cause gastritis and frequently a source of annoyance and stress to horses. Larval instars can cause stomatitis and colic.

Question 53

Glanders

Answer 53

caused bacteria Burkholderia mallei and causes 3 different forms of disease; nasal glanders, pulmonary glanders, and cutaneous glanders (also referred to as Farcy)

Question 54

Glanders - test

Answer 54

Mallein test

Question 55

Glomerulonephritis

Answer 55

Treatment options: plasma transfusion, low protein diet, corticosteroids

Question 56

Gonadal dysgenesis

Answer 56

Chromosomal abnormality, the mare would not have been able to have had a normal pregnancy previously. congenital developmental disorder of the reproductive system characterized by a progressive loss of germ cells on the developing gonads of an embryo.

Question 57

Grain overload treatment

Answer 57

goals of treatment are to prevent further development of laminitis, reduce pain, and reduce other complications from laminitis. Acute laminitis is considered a medical emergency and treatment should be initiated as soon as possible. Administer mineral oil by stomach tube acts as a laxative and decreases absorption of toxic material from the GI tracts. IV fluids, parenteral antimicrobials, anti-inflammatory drugs, hyperimmune serum or plasma. Place horse in stall with soft flooring. Other options include heparin, phenoxybenzamine, and heart-bar shoeing. Some practitioners recommend cold packs, but there is conflicting evidence that hot packs may be more beneficial.

Question 58

Granulosa cell tumor

Answer 58

Usually, 1 ovary is large and the other small; unless there are bilateral tumors, which is uncommon. Causes aggression in mares due to increases levels of testotsterone.

Question 59

Guttural pouch empyema

Answer 59

infection and accumulation of purulent material within the guttural pouch, usually secondary to strangles

Question 60

Guttural pouch mycosis

Answer 60

Aspergillus nidulans, Cranial nerves 7, 9, 10, 11, & 12 all cross the medial pouch as well as the sympathetic trunk and internal carotid artery. The external carotid artery crosses the lateral pouch.

Question 61

Guttural pouch tympany

Answer 61

air - Guttural pouch tympany is seen in horses ranging from birth to 1 yr of age and is more common in fillies than in colts The affected guttural pouch is distended with air and forms a characteristic nonpainful swelling in the parotid region Tympany may result from inflammation or malformation of the pharyngeal orifice of the eustachian tube, which then acts as a one-way valve by allowing air to enter the pouch but preventing its return into the pharynx

Question 62

Habronema muscae

Answer 62

internal stomach parasite Treat with Ivermectin

Question 63

Habronemiasis

Answer 63

Larvae of the stomach worm that emerge from flies feeding on pre-existing wounds or genitalia or eyes, then migrate into the tissue and cause a granulomatous reaction. Inside the granulomas, you can find dead larvae. Bigger problem in cattle but can occur in horses and typically creates nodules on the back that have a pore on top.

Question 64

Haematobia irritansa

Answer 64

Bigger problem in cattle, but can affect horses especially if cattle are nearby. Ventral midline dermatitis with wheals with a central crust the progress to alopecia and ulceration with fairly focal lesions.

Question 65

Hyperammonemia

Answer 65

Associated with intestinal disease in horses. Exact cause of neurologic signs and disease process is unknown, bit it is presumed to result from excessive ammonia production within the intestinal tract. This overwhelms the ability of the liver to metabolize ammonia, and subsequently causes the development of encephalopathic signs.

Question 66

Lawsonians

Answer 66

in foals - equine proliferative enteropathy L. intracellularis infections cause diarrhea, depression, fever, inappetance (anorexia), weight loss, edema (fluid swelling) on the abdomen or lower limbs, a poor hair coat, and intermittent colic due to thickening of mucosal lining in the small and large intestine. While any age of horse can be infected, weanling foals 4 to 7 months old are most susceptible Fecal PCR to confirm Treat with erythromycin or tetracyline

Question 67

Length of estrous cycle

Answer 67

19-26 days

Question 68

Length of estrus

Answer 68

2-10 days, but on average 6 days

Question 69

Leukoencephalomalacia

Answer 69

fumonisin toxicity...

Question 70

Limb contracture correction

Answer 70

Distal check desmotomy relieves the deep digital flexor contracture while proximal check desmotomy relieves superficial digital flexor contracture. I the contracture is severe, it may recur 2-4 months after surgery. As such time, a suspensory desmotomy is an option but subluxation at the proximal interphalangeal joint is a common consequence.

Question 71

Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome

Answer 71

caused by Eastern tent caterpillars

Question 72

Maxillary sinusitis

Answer 72

generally due to tooth root abcess

Question 73

Myotonia

Answer 73

inability to relax voluntary muscle after vigorous effort "dive bomber" sound on EMG - The 'dive bomber' sound heard on EMG is produced by repetitive firing after contraction of affected muscle fibers and is essentially pathognomic for myotonia.

Question 74

Nasal glanders

Answer 74

presents with high fever, loss of appetite and labored breathing with cough. VIscour mucopurulent discharge or crusting may present around the nares. There may be ulceration of the upper respiratory passages that resolve in the form of star-shaped cicatrices ("stellate scars"). Regional lymph nodes may be enlarged and indurated and may rupture or adhere to deeper tissues.

Question 75

Neonatal Isoerythramlysis antigens

Answer 75

Aa & Qa

Question 76

neorickettsia risticii

Answer 76

Potomac Horse Fever

Question 77

Onchocerca cervicalis equine

Answer 77

ivermectin for larvae, cause dermatitis and uveitis in horses due to hypersensitivity to dying microfilariae. Non-seasonal!!! Lesions include alopecia and scaling of the ventral midline, face and pectoral region, often diamond-shaped and may have a "bull's eye" lesion on the top of the head. Not pruritic. Ocular lesions can occur; uveitis, conjunctivitis, and keratitis. Uveitis is caused by aberrant migration of the microfilariae; when they die, an inflammatory response is generated.

Question 78

Oxyuris equi

Answer 78

pin worm, infest the perineal region and results in perineal irritation after eggs are laid. A frequent diagnostic test performed when visualizing damaged perineal regions is a scotch tape preparation.

Question 79

Paranoplocephala mamillana

Answer 79

Tapeworm usually found in small intestine Treat with Praziquantel

Question 80

Parascaris equoum

Answer 80

causes intestinal impaction in foals (concern of perforation), can cause diarrhea, lethargy, depression, and respiratory signs (migrates through lungs). Diagnosis by demonstration of eggs in the feces.

Question 81

Pemphigus foliaceus

Answer 81

autoimmune skin disease which results in vesicles, erosions and ulcerations, especially around mucocutaneous junctions. Autoimmune disease in which antibodies are formed against the intercellular adhesin proteins. In horses, this disease causes crusting lesions of the head, limbs, and ventrum. Definitive diagnosis is found on biopsy of the skin showing acantholysis. There are two forms of the disease in horses. The juvenile form may result in spontaneous remission and carries a good prognosis. The adult form of the disease carriers a worse prognosis.

Question 82

Peroneus tertius rupture

Answer 82

allows extension of the hock while the stifle is flexed, which means that as the limb moves forward, the hock joint does not flex. The horse will usually bear weight and pain is not a feature.

Question 83

Persistent corpus luteum

Answer 83

Progesterone made by the corpus luteum prevents estrus. There will be follicles in the ovaries, and the horse may still ovulate but is non-receptive to stallions. The corpus luteum is usually not palpable.

Question 84

Persistent superficial and deep digital flexor tendon contracture treatment

Answer 84

Distal check desmotomy and proximal check desmotomy. The distal check desmotomy relieves the deep digital flexor contracture while proximal check desmotomy relieves superficial digital flexor contracture. If the contracture is severe, it may recur 2-4 months after the surgery. At such time, a suspensory desmotomy is an option but subluxation at the proximal interphalangeal joint is a common consequence.

Question 85

Pigment nephropathy

Answer 85

Occurs as a result of myositis (tying up). Nephrosis and subsequent renal failure is caused by large amounts of myoglobin being filtered by the kidney. This usually occurs in horses that have been subjected to extreme conditions such that the animal breaks down a substantial amount of muscle. The same condition can occur with intravascular hemolysis.

Question 86

Potomac Horse Fever

Answer 86

Gram-negative bacterium Neorickettsii risticii. Disease usually occurs in the summer. High fever, diarrhea, and presence of laminitis. Dehydration and profound leukopenia. Treat with oxytetracycline. Diagnose with PCR (takes several days - treat empirically until results come through)

Question 87

Pregnancy check at 30 days

Answer 87

Palpate for chorionic vesicle

Question 88

Psoroptes

Answer 88

Clinical signs: pruritus of the ear, head shaking. Diagnosis from skin scrape and otoscopic exam. Psoroptic mange is a reportable disease.

Question 89

Pulmonary glanders

Answer 89

The pulmonary form often develops over several months, beginning as a fever with dyspnea and cough. Lung lesions commence as light colored nodules surrounded by hemorrhage or as diffuse pneumonia. The nodules may become caseous or calcified and discharge contents to the upper respiratory tract. Nodules may also be found in other organs.

Question 90

Purpura hemorrhagica

Answer 90

complications of strangles, occurs weeks after infection or can occur after a bacterin is given. Exact reason why some horses develop purpura is unknown. caused by bleeding from capillaries which results in red spots on the skin and mucous membranes together with oedema (swelling) of the limbs and the head.[1] Purpura hemorrhagica is more common in younger animals

Question 91

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity histopathology

Answer 91

megalocytosis, periportal fibrosis, and biliary hyperplasia

Question 92

Quittor

Answer 92

An infection of the alar cartilage of P3

Question 93

Retained placenta

Answer 93

\>3 hours

Question 94

Rift Valley Fever

Answer 94

viral disease primarily of ruminants causing influenza-like signs and hepatic lesions

Question 95

Rodoccocus equi

Answer 95

Results in pulmonary abscess formation that may be noticed on thoracic ultrasound. On U/S you should notice the capsular structure with an anechoic center which represents a fluid-filled abscess. Typically observed in older foals (2-6 months of age) and demonstrates a slow insidious onset characterized by some or all the following signs: weight loss, fever, cough, nasal discharge, increased respiratory effort, and ill-thrift. U/S of the chest can provide a quick screening test for foals with R. equi pneumonia. Radiograph: alveolar pattern with multiple nodular regions. Treatment: Erythomycin and rifampin

Question 96

Rupture of Achilles tendon in horse

Answer 96

Gastrocnemius + superficial flexor tendon rupture just gastrocnemius would drop the hock and curl the toe, both drop the hock.

Question 97

Salmonella

Answer 97

causes diarrhea and leukopenia, occurs at any time of the year. Several clinical presentations including subclinical infection, self-limiting diarrhea, and acute diarrhea. Diagnosis requires serial cultures of feces 3-5 days. Supportive care with fluids and electrolytes replacement

Question 98

Sarcocystis neurona

Answer 98

cause of equine protozoal myelitis

Question 99

Shock organs

Answer 99

Lungs and colon

Question 100

Stages of parturition

Answer 100

1: typically last 30 min to 4 hours, mare is restless and may exhibit signs similar to colic. When the placenta ruptures there may be several gallons of allantoic fluid that come out. 2: usually 5 min after water breaks (rupture of chorioallantois), the foals feet and nose appear at the vulva, covered in the white, thin, glistening amnion. 3: within 30 min to 3 hours, after foaling the placenta should be expelled

Question 101

Strangles Vaccine

Answer 101

IM injection associated with soft tissue reaction. More recently, an intranasal vaccine has become available, which is associated with local protection without any injection reaction

Question 102

Streptococcus spp.

Answer 102

Common cause of pneumonia in both foals and in adult horses; however, polymicrobial infections are also common.

Question 103

Strongyloides westeri

Answer 103

transmitted through mare's milk, treat the mare with ivermectin. Associated with diarrhea in foals but not adults. Diagnosis by demonstration of eggs in the feces cause of foal heat diarrhea and can migrate through the lung causing damage

Question 104

Strongylus edentatus

Answer 104

The L3 larvae migrate through portal vein to liver, through the peritoneum and retroperitoneal space. After a few months, the larvae will then return into the lumen of the gut.

Question 105

Strongylus equinus

Answer 105

The L3 larvae migrate through portal vein to liver, through the peritoneum and retroperitoneal space. After a few months, the larvae will then return into the lumen of the gut.

Question 106

Strongylus vulgaris

Answer 106

migration of the larvae and the corresponding immune response can result in thrombosis of the cranial or anterior mesenteric arteries leading to colic and infarct of the bowel.

Question 107

Surra

Answer 107

trypanosomal disease causing primarily fever, weakness, and lethargy. Surra is usually transmitted by other biting flies that are found within and outside tsetse fly areas.

Question 108

Suspensory ligament desmitis and common fractures

Answer 108

Fracture of proximal sesamoid bones, avulsion fractures of palmar aspect of the third metacarpal bone, or fracture of distal third of the small metacarpal bones in the horse

Question 109

Tayberella equingenitalis

Answer 109

contagious equine metritis - thought to be eradicated in the U.S.

Question 110

Test for failure of passive transfer

Answer 110

ELISA snap test?, Zinc sulfate turbidity

Question 111

Tetanus onset duration

Answer 111

10-14 days post a puncture wound you expect to see clinical sings

Question 112

Theiler's disease

Answer 112

serum hepatitis, and acute, diffuse, necrotizing hepatitis that occurs most commonly in association with introduction of an equine origin compound. The most commonly implicated product is tetanus antitoxin, which is an antiserum of equine origin. The disease usually occurs 4-10 weeks after administration and presents as malaise and weight loss, progressing to acute hepatoencephalopathy and icterus, and can be rapidly progressive and fatal.

Question 113

Thelazia lacrymalis

Answer 113

causes conjunctivitis, most common vector is Musca autumnalis. This is the face fly of horses and mechanically transmits larvae from the eyes of one horse to another.

Question 114

Thiamine deficiency

Answer 114

Usually occurs in horses from ingestion of thiaminase-containing plants (bracken fern) and results in loss of condition and slight uncoordinated movement. If not treated, the disease may progress to cause twitching, tremors and seizures.

Question 115

Thrichostangylus axei

Answer 115

Chronic gastritis small stomach worm (hairworm) Treat with ivermectin

Question 116

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)

Answer 116

dextrose, amino acids, lipids - building blocks for carbohydrates, proteins, and fat

Question 117

Trichophyton equinum

Answer 117

ringworm - usually around neck and shoulders

Question 118

Tyzzer's Disease

Answer 118

sporadic acute epizootic bacterial disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Clostridium piliforme, formerly known as Bacillus piliformis often affects apparently healthy, fast-growing foals without previously observed clinical signs. Sudden onset death or coma, if clinical signs are seen \<2 day. Diagnosis: serology and blood PCR Histopath findings: randomly distributed foci of necrosis and long slender rods in hepatocytesa the periphery of the necrotic foci Almost 100% mortality. A few presumptive cases of Tyzzer disease in foals have been treated successfully by intensive administration of IV dextrose, sodium bicarbonate, potassium chloride, penicillin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim

Question 119

Uterine artery hemorrhage treatment

Answer 119

Aminocaproic acid; believed to facilitate clot stabilization by blocking the activation of plasminogen to plasma.

Question 120

Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE)

Answer 120

arbovirus - can be zoonotic mortality as high as 75%

Question 121

Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE)

Answer 121

Arbovirus with zoonotic potential progression of central nervous system signs over several days and characteristic CSF changes. Mortality 50%