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Ecology > Populations > Flashcards

Populations Flashcards

1
Q

population

A

group same species in given envi.

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2
Q

connective stems abovegrounf

connective stems below ground

both form 1 organism
(FACHBEGRIFF)

A

stolons rhizozomes

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3
Q

Genet vs. Ramet

A

Genet (individual):
plant produced by sexual reproduction
Ramet (module):
A clone

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4
Q

clonal group

FACHBEGRIFF

A

group of ramets

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5
Q

corals, sponges, bryotoans, fungi, ect…

A

modular organisms

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6
Q

distribution of population

A

spatial area inhabited by species

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7
Q

species limited to small space

FACHBEGRIFF

A

endemic

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8
Q

wide range of space (pine)

FACHBEGRIFF

A

ubiquitous

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9
Q

limits of population

A 
geographic barriers (mountains)
other species
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10
Q

division of population

A

subpopulations living in small patches sorrounded by unhabitable habitate

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11
Q

collection of subpopulations

A

metapopulation

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12
Q

size of population + formula

A

defined by abundance (# of indiv.)

pop. density x area

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13
Q

forms of distribution (3 + example)

A

random (independant on position of other individuals (flowers on field))
uniform (result of negative interaction -> minimal distance)
clumped (suitable found in groups (school of fish))

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14
Q

how to determine abundance

A

complete count only possible if small area otherwise samples and calculation.
the more samples the preciser
mark and recapturate counts of vocalizations
animals tracks

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15
Q

movement of individuals
importance
(FACHBEGRIFF)

A

DISPERSAL

assures geneflow between organisms

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16
Q

passive dispersal

A

wind, water, gravity, animals

wind for plants
birds it fruit and shit kernel

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17
Q

trees move up mountain due to climate change

A

plant dispersal

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18
Q

organism movement (daily & seasonal)
examples
(FACHBEGRIFF)

A

MIGRATION
whales and birds (season)
bats leave cave and zooplankton that move up and down in water column(daily)

19
Q

human effect on population migration

FACHBEGRIFF

A

dispersal by humans
invasive species:
dominate native species (cat in australia & windmill palm (resistant to temperatures) in ticino)

20
Q

age structure yes or no?

A

only age structure when overlapping generations

not: seasonal plants yes: humans

21
Q

age classes(3)

how to find out age and class?

A

pre-productive
reproductive
post-productive

htfo?
mark young individuals and follow their through time
bones feeather and furr indicate
tree rings

22
Q

counting growth rings of tree

FACHBEGRIFF

A

dendrochronology

23
Q

effects on population size

when more and when less

A

population growth

+: birth, immigration

-: death, emmigration

24
Q

of indiv. surviving a given age

A

survirorship (given as proportion to birth size)

25
Q

measures of livetime

types of surv.

A

life expectancy
mortality curve (mortality rate vs. age)
survirorship curve (survivorship rate vs. age)
convex: most mortality at end (mammals)
straight: survival rate constant (reptiles)
concave: mortality highest at birth low in age(fish, pants)

26
Q

when die out

A

when deathrate exceeds birthrate

27
Q

small populations

A

higher risk of dying out
demographic stochasticity - random variations in birthrate
environmental stochasticity - random environment events

28
Q

human influence

A

currently 5000 animals & 7000 plants considered vulnerable

29
Q

condition to survive (population size)

FACHBEGRIFF

A 
MVP (Minimum viable population):
 withstand:
births and deaths
environmental changes 
genetic drift
catastrophic events
30
Q

determine MVP

bighorn sheep

A 
depends on life story 
vertrebrates ~1000 species 
species with high fluctuations ~10000
bighorn sheep study:
50 didnt survive
100 did over same time period
31
Q

condition to survive (territorium)
(FACHBEGRIFF)

species examples?

measures to support

A

MDA (minimum dynamic area):
enough resources
home range size: family, indiv., ect….

carnivores need huge (2 mil. m^2)
-> most found in nature reserves

reconnecting landscapes (fuck roads , pipes, ect…)

32
Q

random variations in birthrate

A

demographic stochasticity

33
Q

random variations in environment

A

environ. stochasticity

34
Q

intraspecific pop. regulation (human) if everyone had the same

A

1 letter every 6.5 y
one coffee every 60 days
suffer from hunger 60 d/y

35
Q

density regulations
3!

(FACHBEGRIFF)

A

density dependent mortality -> population increase -> mortality increase

density dependent fecundity -> density increase -> fecundity decr. (fruchtbarkeit)

desity independent -> floods, fires, storms

36
Q

when a ressource is limiting
affects what?
(FACHBEGRIFF)

A

competition

affects growth, survival, reproduction

37
Q

when a ressource is limiting in one species

FACHBEGRIFF

A

intraspecific competition

38
Q

when all individuals use less when stress

FACHBEGRIFF

A

scramble competition

  • > cows grasing on a field
  • > can lead to extinction
39
Q

when some individuals survive when stress

FACHBEGRIFF

A

contest competition
-> only succesfull indiv. survive. the rest dies.
but successors can survive and reproduce

40
Q

indirect interactions competition

FACHBEGRIFF

A

exploitation competition

one indiv. uses more and reduces amount for the rest (trees)

41
Q

direct interactions competition

FACHBEGRIFF

A

interference competition
indiv. use resources to prevent other access ressources
(eagles)

42
Q

population response to density elevation (notdying)

FACHBEGRIFF

A

self-thinnig -> trees get smaller to make more room for others

43
Q

why does a plant occupy a certain space

A
  • > shading for smaller plants
  • > rooting system
  • > physically cover ground with leaves

Ecology (11 decks)

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