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Ecology > Organism > Flashcards

Organism Flashcards

1
Q

different succes in different environments
organisms adapt to environment
result of interaction w/ environment

A

natural selection

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2
Q

conditions natural selcetion (2)

A
  • variation must be heritable

- variation leads to difference in survival and reproduction

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3
Q

difference to other generation

FACHBEGRIFF

A

Fitness (NS)

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4
Q

process of NS

FACHBEGRIFF

A

evolution (NS)

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5
Q

any heritable, morphological or physiological trait that has evolved through NS
(FACHBEGRIFF)

A

Adaption (NS)

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6
Q

Study of adaption (NS)

A

relationship between organism and environment

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7
Q

heritable DNA that codes for a specific trait

FACHBEGRIFF

A

Gene (NS)

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8
Q

ententy of dna

FACHBEGRIFF

A

Genome (NS)

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9
Q

random heritable change in a gene.
if favourable passed on to further generations
(FACHBEGRIFF)

A

Mutation (NS)

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10
Q

outward / visible expression of a genome
can be influenced by enviroment
(FACHBEGRIFF)

A

Phenotype

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11
Q

phentotypic plasticity

A

ability to adapt phenotype to environment
the bigger the plasticity, the more adaptable to all situation
plants with same genotype can haver different phenotype (low or high light conditions)

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12
Q

reversible and irreversible plasticity

FACHBEGRIFFE

A

reversible:
ACCLIMATION -> changes to climate -> every season can be different -> earlier or late blooming
irreversible:
DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY -> plants will keep low light growing character

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13
Q

how distiguish genetic changes and phenotypic plasticity

A

two organsims under exact same conditions -> if the same -> same organism

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14
Q

genetic information can be found:

A

withing subpopulations

among subpopulations = genetic differentiation

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15
Q

gene pool

A

summ of all genetic information among a population

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16
Q

different pressures (phenotype)

A

can give rise to a variety of genetic variation (pines in tundra or spain)

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17
Q

geographic variation

A

clines and ecotypes

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18
Q

continious change or geographic region (latitude, altitude, ect) of the phenotype
(FACHBEGRIFF)

A

cline

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19
Q

abrupt changes -> unique to local environmental conditions
native ecotype always performs better
(FACHBEGRIFF)

A

ecotypes

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20
Q

autrophs

A

only organsims that can transform CO2 into organic material (carbohydrates)

21
Q

photoautotrophs

A

use sunenergy to fix carbon by photosynthesis

22
Q

processes plant

A
  • photosynthesis: light + CO2 + H2O -> sugars + oxygen + water
  • cellular respiration: sugar + oxygen -> CO2 +H2O + ATP
  • net ph.syn. (fixation of carbon) = (ph. syn.) - (cel.res.)
23
Q

stomata

A

opening on leaf surface
stomatal conductance driven by soil humidity
when ph.syn. and CO2 demand are reduced -> stomata closes

24
Q

transpiration

A

when stomata are open open and gas diffuses out
inside of cell is saturated compared to air
lower the humidity -> water diffuses out of leaf

25
Q

turgor pressure

A

force of water inside cell on outside
best on maximum turgor
low turgor -> high stress

26
Q

water potential (WP) order

A

WP atm < WP leaf < WP root < WP soil
drives the soil-plant atomsphere continuum
when stomata open (night) WP in leaf drops
WP soil drops during time as water takes up water from soil -> when no rain gradient is lost!

27
Q

controlling stomata

A

important controlling mechanism of plant to cope with water availability

28
Q

water efficiency

FACHBEGRIFF

A

water use efficiency = ratio of carbvon fixed per unit water lost
high WUE in deserts
low WUE in tropics

29
Q

thickness of leafs

A

the thicker the leafs the more drought tolerant they are

30
Q

influence of solar radiation on plant (goes down)

A

PAR drops, temp of leaf and air, humidity, transpi (plant) , evapi (soil)

31
Q

plants in hot envi.

A

olive: deep roots, small leaves to regulate water loss and cope w/ drought stress

32
Q

phenotypic plasticity plants

A

aclimation to different environments

33
Q

Topt

A

tempreature under which a plant has optimal growing (ph. syn. , CO2 uptake) conditions (Topt changes through months)

34
Q

PAR

A

photosynthetically active ration

35
Q

heterotrophs

A

consuming organic compounds as energy source

36
Q

key processes of animals

A

eating food
absorbing O2
maintaining body temp and water
adapting to seasonal and envi. changes

37
Q

eat only plant tissues:

  • leaves, grasses
  • woody
  • seed
  • eat fruit

(FACHBEGRIFFE)

A 
herbivores
 grazers
 browsers
 granivores
 frugivores
38
Q

eat other animals

FACHBEGRIFF

A

carnivores

39
Q

eat animals and plants

FACHBEGRIFF

A

onmivores

40
Q

eat dead plants and animals

FACHBEGRIFF

A

detritivores

41
Q

respiration animals

A

cells diffuse (zooplancton)
instects have body openings
terrest. vertebrates have lungs
fish have gills

42
Q

adaption animal desert

A

concetrated urine and dry feces
active in night
extract water from food
high toleration to dehydration(50% of body weight)

43
Q

measures of animals to adapt

A

they are mobile (ex. can move from cold to warm

44
Q

process maintaining body temp

FACHBEGRIFF

A

thermoregulation

45
Q

maintaing body temp by exchange of thermal energy with environment
(FACHBEGRIFF)

A

ectothermy

46
Q

maintaining body temp by metabolic processes in body

FACHBEGRIFF

A

endothermy

47
Q

animals with variable body temp

FACHBEGRIFF

A

poikilotherms

48
Q

animals with ~constant body temp

FACHBEGRIFF

A

homeotherms

49
Q

points in light availabilty

FACHBEGRIFF

A

LSP and LCP

Ecology (11 decks)

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