Organism Flashcards
different succes in different environments
organisms adapt to environment
result of interaction w/ environment
natural selection
conditions natural selcetion (2)
- variation must be heritable
- variation leads to difference in survival and reproduction
difference to other generation
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Fitness (NS)
process of NS
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evolution (NS)
any heritable, morphological or physiological trait that has evolved through NS
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Adaption (NS)
Study of adaption (NS)
relationship between organism and environment
heritable DNA that codes for a specific trait
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Gene (NS)
ententy of dna
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Genome (NS)
random heritable change in a gene.
if favourable passed on to further generations
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Mutation (NS)
outward / visible expression of a genome
can be influenced by enviroment
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Phenotype
phentotypic plasticity
ability to adapt phenotype to environment
the bigger the plasticity, the more adaptable to all situation
plants with same genotype can haver different phenotype (low or high light conditions)
reversible and irreversible plasticity
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reversible:
ACCLIMATION -> changes to climate -> every season can be different -> earlier or late blooming
irreversible:
DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY -> plants will keep low light growing character
how distiguish genetic changes and phenotypic plasticity
two organsims under exact same conditions -> if the same -> same organism
genetic information can be found:
withing subpopulations
among subpopulations = genetic differentiation
gene pool
summ of all genetic information among a population
different pressures (phenotype)
can give rise to a variety of genetic variation (pines in tundra or spain)
geographic variation
clines and ecotypes
continious change or geographic region (latitude, altitude, ect) of the phenotype
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cline
abrupt changes -> unique to local environmental conditions
native ecotype always performs better
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ecotypes
autrophs
only organsims that can transform CO2 into organic material (carbohydrates)
photoautotrophs
use sunenergy to fix carbon by photosynthesis
processes plant
- photosynthesis: light + CO2 + H2O -> sugars + oxygen + water
- cellular respiration: sugar + oxygen -> CO2 +H2O + ATP
- net ph.syn. (fixation of carbon) = (ph. syn.) - (cel.res.)
stomata
opening on leaf surface
stomatal conductance driven by soil humidity
when ph.syn. and CO2 demand are reduced -> stomata closes
transpiration
when stomata are open open and gas diffuses out
inside of cell is saturated compared to air
lower the humidity -> water diffuses out of leaf
turgor pressure
force of water inside cell on outside
best on maximum turgor
low turgor -> high stress
water potential (WP) order
WP atm < WP leaf < WP root < WP soil
drives the soil-plant atomsphere continuum
when stomata open (night) WP in leaf drops
WP soil drops during time as water takes up water from soil -> when no rain gradient is lost!
controlling stomata
important controlling mechanism of plant to cope with water availability
water efficiency
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water use efficiency = ratio of carbvon fixed per unit water lost
high WUE in deserts
low WUE in tropics
thickness of leafs
the thicker the leafs the more drought tolerant they are
influence of solar radiation on plant (goes down)
PAR drops, temp of leaf and air, humidity, transpi (plant) , evapi (soil)
plants in hot envi.
olive: deep roots, small leaves to regulate water loss and cope w/ drought stress
phenotypic plasticity plants
aclimation to different environments
Topt
tempreature under which a plant has optimal growing (ph. syn. , CO2 uptake) conditions (Topt changes through months)
PAR
photosynthetically active ration
heterotrophs
consuming organic compounds as energy source
key processes of animals
eating food
absorbing O2
maintaining body temp and water
adapting to seasonal and envi. changes
eat only plant tissues:
- leaves, grasses
- woody
- seed
- eat fruit
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herbivores grazers browsers granivores frugivores
eat other animals
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carnivores
eat animals and plants
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onmivores
eat dead plants and animals
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detritivores
respiration animals
cells diffuse (zooplancton)
instects have body openings
terrest. vertebrates have lungs
fish have gills
adaption animal desert
concetrated urine and dry feces
active in night
extract water from food
high toleration to dehydration(50% of body weight)
measures of animals to adapt
they are mobile (ex. can move from cold to warm
process maintaining body temp
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thermoregulation
maintaing body temp by exchange of thermal energy with environment
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ectothermy
maintaining body temp by metabolic processes in body
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endothermy
animals with variable body temp
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poikilotherms
animals with ~constant body temp
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homeotherms
points in light availabilty
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LSP and LCP
