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Ecology > ecosytem ecology > Flashcards

ecosytem ecology Flashcards

1
Q

heart of ecosystem ecology

A

fluxes of energy and matter

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2
Q

major energy source

A

photons of the sun absorbed by photosynthetic organisms

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3
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

conservation of energy:
energy changes “states” (wood burns and transforms chemical to heat energy)
energy can move

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4
Q

rate at which autotrophs convert co2 in carbonic compounds

A

primary productivity

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5
Q

types of autotroph

A

chemo- : energy from chemical compounds
(oxydation of molecules)

photo- : energy from the sun

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6
Q

organism that only consumes anorganic matter

A

autroph

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7
Q

organism that only consumes organic matter

A

heterotroph

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8
Q

secondary production

A

allocation of biomass in heterotrophs

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9
Q

total rate of photosyn. by autotrophs

FACHBEGRIFF

A

Gross primary productivity (GPP)

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10
Q

rate of energy storage as organic molecules

FACHBEGRIFF

A

Net primary productivity (NPP)
NPP=GPP-R

R… cellular respiration

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11
Q

NPP as function of biomass

A

NPP= deltaB + D + C

deltaB = B(t2) - B(t1)

D = death of plants

C = consumption of plants

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12
Q

light bottle vs dark bottle method

A

bottles filled from lake oä.
light bottle estimates NPP (photosyn. + respi)
dark bottle estimate R (only respi)
GPP can be measured!

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13
Q

effects on NPP

A

NPP increases with precipitation and with temperature (solar radiation)
higher temperature -> longer growing season
more percipitation -> more water can be transpired by stomatal activity

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14
Q

warm and cold on NPP

A

warm and dry -> low NPP
warm and wet -> high NPP (tropics)
cold and anything -> low NPP

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15
Q

combined value of evapo and transpiration

A

AET = actual evapotranspiration

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16
Q

terrestial: impact of nutrients to NPP

A

generally increases NPP when nutrients in soil

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17
Q

marine: NPP distribution

A

shallow and coastal water have highest productivity
upwelling supplies nutrientsfrom bottom sediments
coastal areas receive nutrients from terrestial ecosystems

18
Q

effects of nutrients in marine

A

nitrogen stimulates phystoplankton
iron stimulating growth
phosphorus only limiting in coastal and open ocean) -> where not much impact by human

19
Q

compensation depth

A

where GPP = R and NPP = 0

20
Q

NPP in stream ecosystems (limiting?)

when best?

A

limited by light and nutrients
light is limiting in summer -> tree canopies

nutrients limiting during fall and spring when canopy open and light increases

greatest biomass allocation when light and nutrients enhanced

21
Q

organic carbon produced in ecosystem

FACHBEGRIFF

A

AUTOCHORUS CARBON

by plants algea ect

22
Q

organic carbon “imported” in ecosystem

FACHBEGRIFF

A

ALLOCHTHONOUS CARBON

dead organic matter transported by river oä

23
Q

freshwater ecosystem (carbon)

A

allochthonous carbon dominates (from sorrounding trees ect) dead plant material…

24
Q

marine ecosystem (carbon)

A

autochorus input dominates (phytoplankton)

25
Q

small vs big lake ecosystem (carbon)

A

small: allochthonous carbon (50%)
big: autochorus carbon (varies seasonaly -> inflow in the lake)

26
Q

effect of carbon allocation plant

A

when in leaves -> positive feedback -> more photosynth. -> more carbon ect.

27
Q

precipitation effect on NPP

A

less water less carbon alocation to leaves but to roots

28
Q

ratio roos and shoots

A

Root-to-shoot (R:S): 0.2 in rainforests, 4.5 in deserts

29
Q 
biomass gain per unit of plants mass
(FACHBEGRIFF)
examples
temperate forest
""   grassland
open ocean
A

RNPP = relative net primary production

= grams / gram plants mass / unit time
TF: NPP = 1200 ; RNPP = 0.04
TG: NPP = 550 ; RNPP = 0.031
OO: RNPP = 42

30
Q

RNPP terrestial vs marine

A

in terestial much energy has to be used for biomass allocation for stability ect

in marine everything can be dedicated to photosynthesis and reproduction

31
Q

primary to secondary production

A

herbivores produce waste (feces), much is used for metabolism for maintenance and acquiring food and performing work
remaining for growth of tissues and reproduction

32
Q

prim to second in terestial

A

primary constrains secondary -> bottom up control

primary increase -> secondary increase

33
Q

prim to second in aquatic

A

phytopl. productivty is coupled to zoopl. activity

bottom up control

34
Q

what happens with primary produced shit?

schema…

efficiencies

A

I = A + W
I… the food ingested
A… assimilated in gut
W… waste

A = R + P

R… respiration
P… production

assimlilation efficiency = A/I
efficiency of extracting energy from food

production efficiency = P/A
efficiency of incorporating food into secondary production

35
Q

comparing efficiencies of animals

endo vs ecto

herbi vs carni

inverte vs verte

A

endo more than ecto
carni more than herbi (herbis mus eat non stop to sustain metabolism)
inverte more tha vert

36
Q

two major food chains

FACHBEGRIFF

A

grazing (GREEN) food chain:
primary prod. -> herbivores -> carnivores

detrital (BROWN) food chain:
detrius (compost) -> decomposer herbivores -> carnivores

BUT THESE CHAINS ARE VERY INTERCONNECTED!!!

waste of primary -> detrius ect…
carnivores feed on both foodchains

37
Q

energy diagram trophic levels

A

available: production of next lower trophic level
losses: respiration and waste

rest is given to next trophic level

38
Q

efficiencies aquatic vs terestial

what used by second?

A

much much higher efficiency in water as energy is not used for rooting and defense ect…. BOUYANCY!!!

in marine secondary can eat everything -> in terestial wood is not eaten ect. …

algea 70% consumed
macrophytes 30%
terestial only 17%

39
Q

measure of transfer of energy between trophic levels

trend?
FACHBEGRIFF

A

TE = trophic efficiency

TE = P(n)/P(n-1)

production of level n-1 used for production of level n

every trophic level looses much muich energy

40
Q

biomass of trophic levels

A

normally gets smaller with each level

but plankton inversed:
because zooplankton live much longer than phytoplankton -> therefore more biomass

Ecology (11 decks)

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