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Ecology > biogeography > Flashcards

biogeography Flashcards

1
Q

biotic unit that are classified by predominant plant types

FACHBEGRIFF

A

BIOMES

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2
Q

examples biomes

A 
forest - temperate, tropical and conifer
temperate grasslands
tropical savanna
shrublands
tundra 
desert
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3
Q

biome classification?

A

depends strongly on how fine…

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4
Q

terrestial biomes depend on?

connecting trends?

A

precipitation and mean annual temperature
but there is a trend…
the hotter the air, the more water it can hold

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5
Q

3 plant forms that contribute to terrestial ecosystem

advantages

A

trees and shrubs (woody) and grasses
trees get more height -> access to light (cost of maintnance and respiration)
grasses high proportion of photosynthetic tissue

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6
Q

forms of vegetation

FACHBEGRIFFe

A

DECIDUOUS:
winter-deciduous -> leaves are lost at low temps
summer-deciduous -> leaves are at dry condis

EVERGREEN:
broadleaf evergreen leaf -> environments with no season (tropics)
needle-leaf evergreen leaf -> where growing seasons are short (high latitudes)

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7
Q

going from high to low precipitation (terrestial)

A
  • broadleaf evergreen (no season, tropics)
  • drought-deciduous trees (seasonal tropical forests, distinct dry season)
  • woodlands and savannas (dry)
  • arid shrublands and desert
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8
Q

going from high to low temperature (terrestial)

A
  • broadleaf evergreen
  • winter deciduous trees (temperate forests)
  • prairies, cannot support trees (low precip)
  • needle-leaf evergreen (conifer forest or taiga)
  • no support for trees -> tundra
  • shorter growing and more extremes
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9
Q

climate diagram

A 
location
elevation
mean temp
mean precip
mean monthly temp & precip
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10
Q

mean monthly precipitation

FACHBEGRIFF

A

~shows SEASONALITY

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11
Q

rain forest

A 
broadleaf evergreen
10degN to 10degS
mean temp > 18
min. monthly precip > 60mm
largest in south america
highest biodiversity 
6% of land surface
all primates in rainforest
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12
Q

dry tropical forests

A

tropical forest wiith dry season
the further from equator the longer the dryseason
largest in south america and africa
most is now farming

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13
Q

savannas

A

warm continental climate >18 C
large year to year differences in precip.
high seasonality (dry and wet season)-> many shrubs
leaves decompose only in wet season
rather high diversity
when more rain -> tends to woodland
when drier -> tends to grassland

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14
Q

temperate forest

A

dominate the wet regions in temperate zone
dominated by broadleaf deciduous trees (oak)
also temperate evergreen forests
many disappeared for croplands

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15
Q

conifer forests

FACHBEGRIFF

A

short summers harsh winters
low temperatures -> short growing season
permafrost -> saggy soils
frequent fires -> needed to free the seeds in ground
BOREAL FOREST (TAIGA) largest vegetation formation on earth (11%) of area

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16
Q

shrubland

A 
small shrubs with multiple stems
mediterranean ecosystems
between 30deg and 40deg latitude
frequent fires -> shurbs adapted
drxy season!
17
Q

natural grassland

A

moderate rainfall
not only climatic -> also due to agriculture and fire intervention
they need moderate temps and rainfall

18
Q

arid regions and deserts

A

35% of landsurface
hardly no precipitation ~1 cm / year max
sahara largest, australia largest in southern hemisphere
cold ocean currents can cause deserts
some have shrubs (cool deserts and high elevation deserts
hot deserts have dwarf shrubs

19
Q

ANALYSE CLIMATE DIAMGRAM!!!

A

LOOK ON SCALE!!!

20
Q

tundra

A

also alpine tundras…
permantly frozen deep layer -> not much vegetation
overlaying active layer of OM thaws in summer and freezes in winter
low biodiv.
plants only active in 3 months, but then all day photosynthesis

21
Q

major auqatic ecosystems

FACHBEGRIFFe

A

MARINE:

  • open-water
  • coastal

FRESHWATER:

  • lotic -> flowing
  • lentic -> non flowing
22
Q

where salt and freshwater mix

FACHBEGRIFF

A 
ESTUARY
~undirectional flow
complex currents
tidal oscillations
many nutrients (except phosphorus)
nutrients are trapped -> so high availability
23
Q

Lakes and ponds

dimensions

origin
(FACHBEGRIFF)

A 
LENTIC
1 to 2000m deep
<1 ha to thoudans of km^2
ponds small and shallow -> ground is planted
origin:
glacial erosion
sediment and debris damming
cutoff rivers
nongeological -> beaver dams ect.
24
Q

zones in lakes and ponds

FACHBEGRIFF

A

horizontal:
littoral zone -> shallow water
limnetic zone -> openwater that extends to depth of light penetration

vertical:
littoral zone -> top water (light)
profundal zone -> no light penetration
benthic zone -> the ground -> place of decomposition

25
Q

low high nutrient lake

FACHBEGRIFF

A

eutrophic:
high surface-volume ratio
nutrient rich from farmland ect

oligotrophic lake:
low surface-volume ratio
low nutrient input
easy fischig

26
Q

flowing water ecosystems

order
FACHBEGRIFF

A

LOTIC
first steep and not much water and fast
then not steep and much water and slow
in the end much sediment disposits

first order stream - small headwater (quelle) streams
2nd order stream - when 2 first order join
3rd order stream - when 2 2nd order join

27
Q

influence of flow

A

flow determines ecosystem:
oxygen availability
water temp
nutrient spiraling

28
Q

velocity in stream

A

is lower close to banks and at the ground

29
Q

marine ecosystem

divisions

A

70 % of earth
seas are interconnected by currents

benthic zone -> bottom region

pelagic zone -> whole body of water:

  • neritic province: over continental shelf
  • oceanic province: over abyssal zone
30
Q

where primary production in ocean

A

where light and nutrients

shallow waters and upwelling zones

31
Q

human activities on marine ecosystems

A

input of nitrogen and phosphor lead to anoxic zones ->DEAD ZONES
1. N & P input -> NPP of plankton increase -> they die sink down -> zoopl. consume them and grow in the deep-> respiration use up the oxygen in deep -> oxygen in top layer gets winded away -> low oxygen upwelling -> organisms die

32
Q

largest dead zone

A 
GOLF OF MEXICO
huge eutrophication by mississippi river
to restore:
manage nutrient inputs
restore wetlands
riparian ecosystems to capture nutrients and reduce runoff
33
Q

auzone ecosystem

FACHBEGRIFF

A

RIPARIAN
zone between stream and forest
cleans the groundwater ect. from nutrients

Ecology (11 decks)

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