interspecies interaction

Question 1

competition among plants

Answer 1

most plants need the same resources:

water nutrients light co2 …

Question 2

competition. among animals

Answer 2

wide range of resources -> more types of competition
feeding: predator-prey
compertition for resources
using other organisms as habitat

Question 3

types of interactions

Answer 3

neutral
mutualism
commensalism
competition 
amensalism
predation
parasitims
parasatoidism

Question 4

(0,0) neutral for both

Answer 4

neutral

Question 5

(+,+) both mutually benefit

Answer 5

mutualism

Question 6

(+,0) one species benefits and other neutral

Answer 6

commensalism

Question 7

(-,-) both species compete

Answer 7

competition

Question 8

(+,-) one species feed on the other and killing it

Answer 8

predation

Question 9

(+,-) one species feed on the other reducing fitness but not killing it. A needs B

Answer 9

Parasitism

Question 10

(+,-) one species feed on the other reducing fitness but not killing it. A doesnt need B

Answer 10

Parasatoidism

Question 11

predator prey relation

Answer 11

if predator population increases -> pressure on prey increases
the more the easier to catch prey
the more prey the more reproduction of preditor

Question 12

morphology vs physiology

Answer 12

structure vs function

Question 13

species interaction & natural selection

seeds and birds

Answer 13

plants produces bigger and smaller seeds
bird prefers smaller seeds
bird reduces small seed plant fitness
small seed die out
plant gets larger seeds
bird is AGENT OF SELECTION
bird with small bill die out -> only large seeds available
-> feedback loop...

Question 14

two species that evolved and are dependent on eachother

FACHBEGRIFF

Answer 14

coevolution

Question 15

niches? 3 niches

Answer 15

ecological niche:
range of physical and chemical and biological conditions under which a sopecies can thrive
fundamental niche:
envir. conditions under which a species can survive theoretically
can be determined in an experiment
realized niche:
the actual niche that a species inhabits due to interaction with other species
differs along environ. gradient

Question 16

hutchinson

Answer 16

mutlidimensional hypervolume:
many many axes of conditions an organism needs to survive
every condition a range:
result a multidim. hypervolume

Question 17

importance of knowledge of niches

Answer 17

if ecosystem is restored

Question 18

mutualism and commensalism effects niches

Answer 18

they can widen up a fundamental niche

example: bacteria, that enable roots a wider range of soil

Question 19

interspecific competition: 2 types

Answer 19

consumption competition:
different species compete for same resource

preemption competition:
different species want the same space

Question 20

examples of bacteria competition

Answer 20

separately grown -> both thrive
if together one thrives and other dies
the one that succeeded could better cope with density stress

separately grown -> both consumed silica
together one had no chance as the other had a higher affinity to silica

Question 21

competitive exclusion principle

Answer 21

complete competitors cannot coexit (same ecological requirements & conditions remain constant)

Question 22

environmental change on niche

examples

Answer 22

can totally change everything -> other species takes niche

when rain increases in a place, humidity tolerant species starts to thrive

Question 23

biodiversity

Answer 23

collection of species in a space and time

Question 24

thistles in competition

why biodiv?

Answer 24

when grown alone (monoculture) and in mixture
different result in biomass allocation
some dominant in low, medium or high nutrient conditions

therefore biodiversity is important to adapt to many scenarios

Question 25

plants living together

Answer 25

they all take what they can and get:
light water ect
mixed root lengths…

Question 26

effect of coevolution

Answer 26

leading to phenotypic divergence
leading species to use an enviroment independant of competition
-> niche divergence and hence to bio-diversification

Question 27

predator prey cycle

Answer 27

result in population cycle for both predator and prey

Question 28

experimental problems for prey cycle

Answer 28

need to be in an open environment, so immigration is possible-> landscape ecology

Question 29

prey cycle w/ primary producer

Answer 29

rabbits eats tree -> many rabbits, less trees (stress on tree) -> more lynx -> less rabits -> more trees ->…
energyflux from tree to lynx

Question 30

grass needs herbivores?

Answer 30

eats grass and makes it less competitive
eat small trees
if leaves lost plants may increase photosyn

Question 31

autotroph protection(2)

Answer 31

they can not run away!
structural defense: hairy leaves, thorns, spines
secondary compounds: chemicals: nicotine, morphine, tannins (60% of dry weight!), lignins