Population Ecology Part 2

Question 1

Violations of Assumptions of Mark Recapture Lab

Answer 1

Unequal Catchability
Trap-Happiness
Trap-Shyness
Decreased Movement
Increased Movement
Changes in longevity

Question 2

Life Table

Answer 2

Table that shows what the probability is that an individual of that age/stage/size will die before moving to the next age/stage/size

Question 3

Why are Life Tables useful?

Answer 3

Clear and systematic picture of mortality and survival for a population
Used to project changes in population size given a certain age/stage/size population structure
Can be used to estimate the average individual birth and death rates for a population

Question 4

Cohort

Answer 4

Following a group of individuals all born within a short period of time from birth of the first to the death of the last

Question 5

What does investigating cohorts show?

Answer 5

Possible to asses fitness of an individual cohort

Question 6

What makes investigating cohorts difficult?

Answer 6

Organisms that have overlapping generations

hard to follow individuals when they get mixed with individuals of other age classes

Question 7

Static Life Table

Answer 7

Considers the survival and mortality of individuals of known age during a single time interval
Based on the age structure of a population at a particular time, or the age distribution of deaths

Question 8

What does Static Life Tables assume?

Answer 8

Each age class is sampled in proportion to its numbers in the population and age at death
Birth rates and death rates are constant over time

Question 9

Dynamic-Composite

Answer 9

Takes as a cohort a sub-sample of a number of animals born/marked over a period of time periods
Combination of cohort/static life tables

Question 10

Survivorship Curves

Answer 10

Log lx vs. age

Three types due to patterns of mortality/survivorship

Question 11

Mortality Curves

Answer 11

qx vs age
Rate rather than numbers
Typically J shaped
Separated into two parts, juvenile phase, post-juvenile phase

Question 12

lx

Answer 12

Survivorship, proportion of original cohort still alive
(number of alive individuals vs. original number of individuals)
Straight line = high survivorship
Steep line = low survivorship

Question 13

qx

Answer 13

Age specific mortality, proportion of individuals that died during that age class of those that were alive at the beginning of that age class
(amount that died vs. number of individuals that were originally alive in that age cohort)

Question 14

Type I Survivorship

Answer 14

High survivorship when young, low survivorship when old

Question 15

Type II Survivorship

Answer 15

Steady survivorship

Question 16

Type III Survivorship

Answer 16

Low survivorship when young, high survivorship when old

Question 17

Density Dependence

Answer 17

Regulation of population growth by mechanisms controlled by the size of the population
Effect increases as population size increases (logistic growth)

Question 18

Density Independence

Answer 18

Population unaffected by population density

No effect from population size increases (exponential growth)

Question 19

Biotic Factors regulate populations in which way?

Answer 19

Density-Dependent Factors

Question 20

Abiotic Factors regulate populations in which way?

Answer 20

Density-Independent Factors

Question 21

Density Dependent Factors

Answer 21

Disease, Predation, Competition

Question 22

Density Independent Factors

Answer 22

Floods, Extreme temperatures

Climatic factors are most important

Question 23

Population Fluctuation

Answer 23

Random

Question 24

Population Cycle

Answer 24

Oscillation

More predictible

Question 25

Dispersal

Answer 25

Movement of individuals through space
Involves the passive or active movement of juvenile or adult individuals
Generally describes the movement of individuals away from one another

Question 26

Types of Dispersal

Answer 26

Emigration

Immigration

Question 27

Emigration

Answer 27

Away from local subpopulation

Question 28

Immigration

Answer 28

Into a local subpopulation

Question 29

Population Dynamics

Answer 29

Behaviour of Populations

Study constancy and change in population size and structure

Question 30

What influences Population Dynamics?

Answer 30

Dynamic balance between rates of birth, death, immigration and emigration

Question 31

Logistic Growth

Answer 31

Density Dependence taken into account

Has carrying capacity = K

Question 32

At higher densities of individuals there is:

Answer 32

Increased resource limitation

Increasing predator and disease pressure, increasing competition

Question 33

Carrying Capacity

Answer 33

Maximum sustainable population size under the prevailing conditions and resources