Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ECOL 1111 > Interactions > Flashcards

Interactions Flashcards

1
Q

Predation

A

Consumption of one organism by another, in which the prey is alive when the consumer first attacks it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What type of interaction is predation?

A

+, -

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of interaction is mutalism?

A

+, +

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What type of interaction is parasitism?

A

+, -

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of interaction is competition?

A

-, -

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

True Predators

A

Kill their prey immediately after attacking them, kill several over their lifetime, prey often consumed in whole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Parasites

A

Consume parts, attacks rarely lethal, concentration on few individuals.
Do not remove individuals from population
May increase probability of dying or reduce fecundity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Herbivores/Grazers

A

Attack large numbers during their lifetime
Remove only parts
Do not remove individuals from population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Detritivores

A

Consume dead organic matter

No direct effect on populations that produce detritus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Lotka Volterra Model

A

Link predator and prey populations together

Each population functions as a single density-dependent regulator on the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do Predators and Prey exert on each other?

A

Selective Pressures:

Producing more evasive prey and more skilled predators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Red Queen Hypothesis

A

Continuous Coevolution due to selective pressures of predator/prey interaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Variables contributing to Predator Prey dynamics

A 
Density Dependence in predator or prey
Intraspecific competition among prey
Interference competition among predators
Heterogeneity in the environment
Aggregative responses
Refuges or hiding place
Alternative prey
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Exploitation by Humans

A

Form of highly selective and intensive predation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Objective of Explotation

A

Sustainable Yield

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Maximum Sustainable Yield

A

Maximum rate at which predators can remove individuals without depressing the prey population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Functional Response

A

Relationship between predation rate to prey density (Change in the pre-capita rate of prey consumption)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Types of Functional Response

A

Type I, Type II, Type III

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Type I Functional Response

A

Prey mortality rate is constant and is independent of prey density
Per-capita predation rate increases linearly with prey density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Characteristics of Type I Functional Response

A 
Passive Predators (Spiders, filter feeders)
May results when prey do not become sufficiently abundant to satiate the predators
All of the time allocated to feeding is spent searching
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Type II Functional Response

A

The number of prey captured during the total time period increases, and the handling time also increases, decreasing the time available for further searching
Most Common
Prey mortality rate decline with increasing prey density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Type III Functional Response

A

Predation rate is low at first, increasing in a sigmoidal fashion as the rate of predation reaches a maximum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Possible Explanations for Type III Functional Response

A

Availability of cover
Search Image
Prey Switching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Availability of Cover

A

The susceptibility of prey individuals will increase as the population grows and hiding place become filled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Search Image

A

The ability of a predator to recognize a prey species will increase as the prey population size increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Prey Switching

A

The act of a predator turning to a more abundant alternate prey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Numerical Response to Prey Numbers

A

Occurs through reproduction of predators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Aggregative Response to Increase in Prey Numbers

A

Movement of predators into an area of high prey density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Optimal Foraging Theory

A

As a result of selection pressures, organisms will harvest their food efficiently

30
Q

How do organisms harvest their food efficiently?

A

Maximize energetic gain
Minimize costs
Maximize fitness

31
Q

Competition

A

Individuals use a common resource that is in short supply relative to the number seeking it

32
Q

Intraspecific Competition

A

Competition between individuals of the same species

33
Q

What does Intraspecific Competition lead to?

A

Density dependence of birth and death rates

Stable regulation of population size within limits imposed by the environment

34
Q

Interspecific Competition

A

Competition between species

35
Q

What does Interspecific Competition lead to?

A

Birth and death rates of one species vary with the population density of the other and vice versa
May cause exclusion/extinction of one species

36
Q

Types of Competition

A

Exploitative

Interference

37
Q

Exploitative

A

Competition between two or more individuals for a limited resource

38
Q

Interference

A

Competition takes the form of direct conflict (terrirotiality)
May be dangerous
Require time and energy

39
Q

How do populations respond when resources are limited?

A

Scramble Competition

Contest Competition

40
Q

Scramble Competition

A

Occurs when growth and reproduction are depressed equally across individuals as competition intensity increases

41
Q

Contest Competition

A

Takes place when some individuals claim enough resources while denying others a share.

42
Q

Outcome of Scramble Competition

A

Local extinction if all individuals receive insufficient resources

43
Q

Outcome of Contest Competition

A

Only a fraction of the population may suffer.

Those that access resources function to sustain the population

44
Q

Competition Exclusion Principle

A

Complete competitors cannot exist

45
Q

Fundamental Niche

A

Overall potential of a species

46
Q

Realized Niche

A

Limited spectrum or conditions and resources which allows a species to maintain a viable population in the presence of competitors and predators
Area Actually occupied

47
Q

Niche Overlap

A

Two or more organisms use a portion of the same resource simultaneously
Amount of niche overlap is proportional to the degree of competition for that resource

48
Q

Competitive Release

A

Species expands its niche in response to the removal of a competitor, or when a species invades an island and expands into unoccupied habitats

49
Q

Niche Differentiation

A

Process by which natural selection drives competing species into different patterns of resource use or different niches

50
Q

Facilitation

A

Species interact where at least one individual benefits and no harm is caused to either (mutualism and commensalisms)

51
Q

Mutualism

A

Close symbiotic relationship

52
Q

What else is mutualsim described as?

A

Facultative

Obligate

53
Q

Facultative

A

Can survive without mutualistic relationship

54
Q

Obligate

A

Cannot survive without mutualistic relationship (pollination)

55
Q

Self Pollination

A

Autogamy or Geitonogamy

56
Q

Cross pollination

A

Xenogamy

57
Q

Symbiosis

A

Two or more organisms of different species living together in close and prolonged association

58
Q

Parasitism

A

Previously defined as a +, - interaction between two organisms

59
Q

Traits of Parasitism

A

Parasites are smaller than hosts
Reproduce more quickly and in large numbers
Highly specialized for specific lifestyle

60
Q

Definitive Host

A

Animal harbouring the adult or sexually mature stage of the parasite

61
Q

Intermediate Host

A

Animal in which development occurs but in which adulthood is not reached

62
Q

Parasitic Infection

A

Invasion by endoparasites (protozoa)

63
Q

Parasitic Disease

A

invasion and pathology produced by endoparasites

64
Q

Parasitic Infestation

A

External parasitism by ectoparasites

65
Q

Reservoir Host

A

An animal that harbours a species of parasite that can be transmitted to another species

66
Q

Vector

A

An arthropod or other living carrier that transports a pathogenic organism from an infected to a non-infected host

67
Q

Carrier

A

A host that harbours a parasite but exhibits no signs or symptoms of infection or infestation

68
Q

Zoonoses

A

A disease involving a parasite for which the normal host is an animal, but humans can also be infected

69
Q

Microparasites

A

Multiply directly within their hosts
Viruses, bacteria and protozoans
Small with short generation time
Induce immunity to reinfection
Duration of infection short compared to life span of host
Direct Transmission, Sometimes vector/intermediate

70
Q

Macroparasites

A

Grow in their host, multiply by producing infective stages which are released from the host to infect new hosts
Often inter-cellular or live in body cavities rather than within host cells
Larger than micro
Parasitic worms, lice, fleas, ticks, etc
Persistent with continual reinfection
Direct Transmission or indirect

71
Q

Direct Transmission

A

Parasite need no other organism to move between hosts

72
Q

Indirect Transmission

A

Parasite moves between hosts with the aid of another organism

ECOL 1111 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions