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ECOL 1111 > Interactions > Flashcards

Interactions Flashcards

1
Q

Predation

A

Consumption of one organism by another, in which the prey is alive when the consumer first attacks it

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2
Q

What type of interaction is predation?

A

+, -

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3
Q

What type of interaction is mutalism?

A

+, +

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4
Q

What type of interaction is parasitism?

A

+, -

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5
Q

What type of interaction is competition?

A

-, -

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6
Q

True Predators

A

Kill their prey immediately after attacking them, kill several over their lifetime, prey often consumed in whole

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7
Q

Parasites

A

Consume parts, attacks rarely lethal, concentration on few individuals.
Do not remove individuals from population
May increase probability of dying or reduce fecundity

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8
Q

Herbivores/Grazers

A

Attack large numbers during their lifetime
Remove only parts
Do not remove individuals from population

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9
Q

Detritivores

A

Consume dead organic matter

No direct effect on populations that produce detritus

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10
Q

Lotka Volterra Model

A

Link predator and prey populations together

Each population functions as a single density-dependent regulator on the other

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11
Q

What do Predators and Prey exert on each other?

A

Selective Pressures:

Producing more evasive prey and more skilled predators

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12
Q

Red Queen Hypothesis

A

Continuous Coevolution due to selective pressures of predator/prey interaction

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13
Q

Variables contributing to Predator Prey dynamics

A 
Density Dependence in predator or prey
Intraspecific competition among prey
Interference competition among predators
Heterogeneity in the environment
Aggregative responses
Refuges or hiding place
Alternative prey
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14
Q

Exploitation by Humans

A

Form of highly selective and intensive predation

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15
Q

Objective of Explotation

A

Sustainable Yield

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16
Q

Maximum Sustainable Yield

A

Maximum rate at which predators can remove individuals without depressing the prey population

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17
Q

Functional Response

A

Relationship between predation rate to prey density (Change in the pre-capita rate of prey consumption)

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18
Q

Types of Functional Response

A

Type I, Type II, Type III

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19
Q

Type I Functional Response

A

Prey mortality rate is constant and is independent of prey density
Per-capita predation rate increases linearly with prey density

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20
Q

Characteristics of Type I Functional Response

A 
Passive Predators (Spiders, filter feeders)
May results when prey do not become sufficiently abundant to satiate the predators
All of the time allocated to feeding is spent searching
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21
Q

Type II Functional Response

A

The number of prey captured during the total time period increases, and the handling time also increases, decreasing the time available for further searching
Most Common
Prey mortality rate decline with increasing prey density

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22
Q

Type III Functional Response

A

Predation rate is low at first, increasing in a sigmoidal fashion as the rate of predation reaches a maximum

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23
Q

Possible Explanations for Type III Functional Response

A

Availability of cover
Search Image
Prey Switching

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24
Q

Availability of Cover

A

The susceptibility of prey individuals will increase as the population grows and hiding place become filled

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25
Search Image
The ability of a predator to recognize a prey species will increase as the prey population size increases
26
Prey Switching
The act of a predator turning to a more abundant alternate prey
27
Numerical Response to Prey Numbers
Occurs through reproduction of predators
28
Aggregative Response to Increase in Prey Numbers
Movement of predators into an area of high prey density
29
Optimal Foraging Theory
As a result of selection pressures, organisms will harvest their food efficiently
30
How do organisms harvest their food efficiently?
Maximize energetic gain Minimize costs Maximize fitness
31
Competition
Individuals use a common resource that is in short supply relative to the number seeking it
32
Intraspecific Competition
Competition between individuals of the same species
33
What does Intraspecific Competition lead to?
Density dependence of birth and death rates | Stable regulation of population size within limits imposed by the environment
34
Interspecific Competition
Competition between species
35
What does Interspecific Competition lead to?
Birth and death rates of one species vary with the population density of the other and vice versa May cause exclusion/extinction of one species
36
Types of Competition
Exploitative | Interference
37
Exploitative
Competition between two or more individuals for a limited resource
38
Interference
Competition takes the form of direct conflict (terrirotiality) May be dangerous Require time and energy
39
How do populations respond when resources are limited?
Scramble Competition | Contest Competition
40
Scramble Competition
Occurs when growth and reproduction are depressed equally across individuals as competition intensity increases
41
Contest Competition
Takes place when some individuals claim enough resources while denying others a share.
42
Outcome of Scramble Competition
Local extinction if all individuals receive insufficient resources
43
Outcome of Contest Competition
Only a fraction of the population may suffer. | Those that access resources function to sustain the population
44
Competition Exclusion Principle
Complete competitors cannot exist
45
Fundamental Niche
Overall potential of a species
46
Realized Niche
Limited spectrum or conditions and resources which allows a species to maintain a viable population in the presence of competitors and predators Area Actually occupied
47
Niche Overlap
Two or more organisms use a portion of the same resource simultaneously Amount of niche overlap is proportional to the degree of competition for that resource
48
Competitive Release
Species expands its niche in response to the removal of a competitor, or when a species invades an island and expands into unoccupied habitats
49
Niche Differentiation
Process by which natural selection drives competing species into different patterns of resource use or different niches
50
Facilitation
Species interact where at least one individual benefits and no harm is caused to either (mutualism and commensalisms)
51
Mutualism
Close symbiotic relationship
52
What else is mutualsim described as?
Facultative | Obligate
53
Facultative
Can survive without mutualistic relationship
54
Obligate
Cannot survive without mutualistic relationship (pollination)
55
Self Pollination
Autogamy or Geitonogamy
56
Cross pollination
Xenogamy
57
Symbiosis
Two or more organisms of different species living together in close and prolonged association
58
Parasitism
Previously defined as a +, - interaction between two organisms
59
Traits of Parasitism
Parasites are smaller than hosts Reproduce more quickly and in large numbers Highly specialized for specific lifestyle
60
Definitive Host
Animal harbouring the adult or sexually mature stage of the parasite
61
Intermediate Host
Animal in which development occurs but in which adulthood is not reached
62
Parasitic Infection
Invasion by endoparasites (protozoa)
63
Parasitic Disease
invasion and pathology produced by endoparasites
64
Parasitic Infestation
External parasitism by ectoparasites
65
Reservoir Host
An animal that harbours a species of parasite that can be transmitted to another species
66
Vector
An arthropod or other living carrier that transports a pathogenic organism from an infected to a non-infected host
67
Carrier
A host that harbours a parasite but exhibits no signs or symptoms of infection or infestation
68
Zoonoses
A disease involving a parasite for which the normal host is an animal, but humans can also be infected
69
Microparasites
Multiply directly within their hosts Viruses, bacteria and protozoans Small with short generation time Induce immunity to reinfection Duration of infection short compared to life span of host Direct Transmission, Sometimes vector/intermediate
70
Macroparasites
Grow in their host, multiply by producing infective stages which are released from the host to infect new hosts Often inter-cellular or live in body cavities rather than within host cells Larger than micro Parasitic worms, lice, fleas, ticks, etc Persistent with continual reinfection Direct Transmission or indirect
71
Direct Transmission
Parasite need no other organism to move between hosts
72
Indirect Transmission
Parasite moves between hosts with the aid of another organism

ECOL 1111 (11 decks)

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