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ECOL 1111 > Life History and Reproduction > Flashcards

Life History and Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Life History

A

Lifetime pattern of growth, development and reproduction

Includes adaptations

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2
Q

Life History Characteristics

A

Traits that affect and are reflected in the life table of an organism

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3
Q

What do organisms face due to energy constraints?

A

Energy Trade Offs

When energy is used for one purpose, diminished available for others

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4
Q

What imposes energy constraints?

A

Physiology
Energetics
Physical and biotic environment

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5
Q

Benefits of Reproducing to Individual Fitness

A

Passing on Genetic Material

Behavioural, physiological and energetic activities

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6
Q

Costs of Reproducing to Individual Fitness

A

Reduced survival, fecundity/growth

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7
Q

r-selected organisms

A

Live in a rapid growth environment

Mature quickly, short lifespan

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8
Q

K-selected organisms

A

Live near carrying capacity

Mature slowly, longer lifespan

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9
Q

Semelarity

A

Invest maximum energy in a single reproductive effort

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10
Q

Iteroparity

A

Allocate less energy each time to repeated reproductive efforts (k-selected)

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11
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

Produces genetically identical clones of the parent

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12
Q

Types of Asexual Reproduction

A

Binary Fission
Budding
Parthenogenesis

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13
Q

Binary Fission

A

Cells divide in two (bacteria and protozoa)

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14
Q

Budding

A

A bud pinches off as a new individual

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15
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

The development of ovum into an individual without fertilization

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16
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Recombination of genes

17
Q

Types of Sexual Reproduction

A

Unisexual

Hermaphroditic

18
Q

Unisexual

A

Separate male and female individuals (Dioecious)

19
Q

Types of Hermaphroditic Plants

A

Bisexual

Monoecious

20
Q

Bisexual Plants

A

Sex organs on the same flower

21
Q

Monoecious Flowers

A

Separate male and female flowers on the same individual

22
Q

Types of Hermaphroditic Animals

A

Simultaneous Hermaphroditic

Sequential Hermaphroditic

23
Q

Simultaneous Hermaphroditic

A

The male organ of one individual mates with the female organ of another

24
Q

Sequential Hermaphroditic

A

Sex changes as individuals age or due to external cues (clown fish)

25
Q

Costs of Sexual Reproduction

A

Limited by the rate at which resources can be converted into offspring

26
Q

Costs of Asexually Reproducing

A

All resources devoted to reproduction are converted directly into progeny

27
Q

Costs of Sexually Reproducing

A

Resources devoted to offspring are converted into tow gametic types

28
Q

Isogamy

A

Gametes equal size

29
Q

Anisogamy

A

Male gametes smaller, more numerous

30
Q

Cost of Anisogamy

A

Resources used to produce excess male gametes are lost

More resources required to produce female gametes

31
Q

Cost of Meiosis

A

Cell division, reduces chromosome number by half
Reduced genetic relatedness between sexually reproducing organisms and their offspring
Half of total reproductive expenditures

32
Q

Benefits of Sexual Reproduction

A

Increase the rate at which favourable mutations and new genetic linkage patterns can be incorporated into evolving populations

33
Q

Mating Systems

A

Mongamy
Polygyny
Polyandry
Promiscuity

34
Q

Monogamy

A

Prolonged pair bonding between one male and one female

35
Q

Polygyny

A

Prolonged pair bonding between one male and two or more females
Females take care of young

36
Q

Polyandry

A

Prolonged pair bonding between one female and two or more males
Males take care of young

37
Q

Promiscuity

A

An absence of prolonged pair bonding, normally implies successful males mate with more than one female per season (not random mating)
Females take care of young

ECOL 1111 (11 decks)

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