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ECOL 1111 > Ecology and Evolution > Flashcards

Ecology and Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What are the evolutionary traits?

A

Behavioural
Physiological
Morphological

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2
Q

Fitness

A

The proportionate contribution an individual makes to future generations

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3
Q

Necessary conditions for Natural Selection

A

Variation among individuals in some heritable trait

Variation causes individuals to differ in survival and reproduction

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4
Q

Adaptation

A

Heritable trait that improves an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in prevailing environmental conditions; results from natural selection
Process of acquiring traits that improve fitness

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5
Q

Darwinian Fitness

A

Relative genetic contribution of an individual to future generations, restricted by genetic architecture

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6
Q

Evolution

A

Change in gene frequency and hence properties of a population over generations; results from various mechanisms, including but not only natural selection

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7
Q

Population (Genetics Def)

A

A group of actually or potentially interbreeding individuals sharing a common gene pool

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8
Q

Speciation

A

Evolution of new species, often through separation of a population into two or more reproductively isolated subpopulations

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9
Q

Types of Speciation

A

Allopatric

Sympatric

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10
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

Geographic isolation followed by reproductive isolation

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11
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

Reproductive isolation without geographic isolation
Often behavioural differences (mating/feeding locations)
Thought to be rarer

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12
Q

What is a evolutionary population composed of?

A

Interbreeding organisms and therefore can be considered a genetic unit

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13
Q

Gene Pool

A

The sum off all the genes of all individuals in a population

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14
Q

What causes a change in the gene pool?

A

Selective pressures by the environment on individuals of the population

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15
Q

What causes a change in gene frequency?

A

Correlation between genotype and phenotype

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16
Q

What does natural selection act on?

A

Phenotypes NOT genotypes

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17
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable attributes

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18
Q

Gene

A

Discrete subunits of DNA that code components of proteins

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19
Q

Allele

A

Alternative forms of a gene, in diploid organisms, 1 pair of alleles per gene (AA, Aa, aa)

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20
Q

Co-dominance

A

Heterozygous individuals are a mix of dominant and recessive traits

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21
Q

Assumptions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A 
Random Mating
No Mutations
Large Population Size
No Immigration of Emigration
All genotypes have equal fitness (no natural selection)
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22
Q

Ways that nonrandom mating occurs

A

Assortative Mating
Inbreeding Depression
Outbreeding Depression

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23
Q

Assortative Mating

A

Preferences for certain individuals

24
Q

Inbreeding Depression

A

Mating with relatives

Exposure to deleterious recessive genes

25
Q

Outbreeding Depression

A

Mating with least similar individuals

Genes are not locally adapted to environment, makes them incompatible

26
Q

Ways that Mutations occur

A

Micro-mutation

Macro-mutation

27
Q

Micro-mutation

A

Base substitutions
Deletions
Insertions

28
Q

Macro-mutation

A

Polyploidy

Chromosomal deletions, duplications, invertions, translocations

29
Q

Polyploidy

A

Heritable condition of having more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes (common in plants)

30
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Random change in allele frequencies in small popultions due to sampling error

31
Q

Types of Genetic Drift

A

Bottleneck Effect

Founder Effect

32
Q

What happens when Genetic Drift occurs?

A

Either one or other allels will become fixed

Results in populations lacking in genetic variability

33
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A

Drastic reduction in population size

Survivors constitute a random sample

34
Q

Founder Effect

A

Few individuals found a new isolated population at some distance from their place of origin
Random sample of original
Rare alleles can become enhanced in the new population

35
Q

Gene Flow

A

Immigration and emigration can influence gene pool
Can reduce genetic drift
Can inhibit divergence among subpopulations

36
Q

Microevolution

A

The change in allele frequencies that occurs over time within a population
Can lead to macroevolution

37
Q

Selection

A

Differential survival and reproduction as a result of phenotypic differences

38
Q

Selection Pressure

A

Any force acting on individuals that affects which individuals leave more descendants than others

39
Q

How do individuals differ in regards to selection?

A

Show differential reproductive success

40
Q

Directional Selection

A

Favors one extreme

41
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Favors the majority (middle)

42
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

Favors both extremes

43
Q

Group Selection

A

When one group of individuals is eliminated by another group of individuals having superior genetic traits
Changes in gene frequencies result from differential extinction or productivity of groups

44
Q

Kin Selection

A

Evolution of a genetic trait expressed by one individual that effects the genotypic fitness of one or more directly related individuals

45
Q

What introduces two new types of fitness?

A

Kin Selection

46
Q

Personal Fitness

A

Passing on genes to an individuals own offspring

47
Q

Inclusive Fitness

A

Additional fitness is acquired by improving the fitness of very close relatives

48
Q

Sexual Selection

A

Accounts for male/female dimorphism

Female choice and male combat important

49
Q

What is the product of selection pressures?

A

Traits
Some structures may be secondary consequences of other strongly selected adaptations
Some adaptations may no longer be relevant to present

50
Q

What type of path does selection follow?

A

Path of least resistance

51
Q

Coevolution

A

Interdependent evolution of two or more species having an obvious ecological interaction (antagonistic or cooperative)

52
Q

Examples of Coevolution

A

Predator prey systems
Plant-herbivore
Plant-pollinator
Host-parasite

53
Q

Types of Evolution

A

Divergent

Convergent

54
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

Competition should lead to divergence and specialization, organisms accumulate differences due to different selection pressures

55
Q

How to test for Divergent Evolution

A

Comparing traits where they are found together and where their ranges do not overlap (sympatry and allopatry)

56
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Organisms that are not closely related resemble one another
Evolve similar traits, adaptations to similar environments
Similar selection pressures

57
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

The evolution of a variety of forms from a single ancestral stock
Often occurs after colonization of an island or after entry into a new adaptive zone

ECOL 1111 (11 decks)

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