population demographics and community dynamics - (lecture 4)

Question 1

patterns of timing of reproduction and survivorship that varies among species. typically the really old and really young are vunerable.

Answer 1

life-history patterns

Question 2

life-history patterns are visualized and analyzed through two means…

Answer 2

survivorship curves and life tables

Question 3

life tables are called __________ _____ by health insurance companies

Answer 3

actuarial tables

Question 4

describe a life table’s layout and purpose:

Answer 4

life tables break down populations into age groups and analyze the birth, death, and reproductive rates of the individuals within a generation.

Question 5

describe a survivorship curve:

Answer 5

survivorship curves plot age-specific data on survival rates. the x-axis is typically time or percentage of life span, and the y-axis is the number of surviving individuals.

Question 6

what are type 1 populations?

Answer 6

type 1 populations have a bulging curve, with a low initial death rate and a high final death rate
- ex: large mammals, humans, etc.

Question 7

what are type 2 populations?

Answer 7

type 2 populations have a negative linear slope, with a consistent death rate over time
- ex: small mammals, reptiles, large birds

Question 8

what are type 3 populations?

Answer 8

type 3 populations have a dipping curve that hugs the y and x-axis, with a very high initial death rate and a low final death rate
- ex: plants, fish, aquatic life

Question 9

a species with longer development, later reproduction, more breeding episodes, fewer young per episode, more parental investment per young, lower mortality rate, longer life span

Answer 9

k-selected species

Question 10

shorter development, early reproduction, fewer breeding episodes, many young per episode, less parental investment per young, higher mortality rate, shorter life span

Answer 10

r-selected species

Question 11

what should you not do when making your experimental analysis?

Answer 11

don’t ever make both a table and a graph. choose one, and if it’s a graph, make the right kind of graph!

Question 12

environmental pressures dictating adaptations spurs…

Answer 12

evolution

Question 13

dave reznik’s experiment

Answer 13

studied guppy fish in trinidad
two streams, two different predators: different adaptations of the guppies
predators: killifish made the guppies larger and faster growing, cichlids made the guppies develop slowly and stay small

Question 14

______ bacteria can break down cellulose in your gut

Answer 14

e. coli

Question 15

all the populations of all the species that live in a particular region

Answer 15

community

Question 16

all the resources and environmental conditions that a species requires; a job or role

Answer 16

niche

Question 17

the umbrella term for species or individuals living together for a prolonged period of time

Answer 17

symbiosis

Question 18

an organism that is fully parasitic; nonphotosynthetic; withdraw nutrients and water from roots

Answer 18

holoparasite

Question 19

an organism that is a “half parasite,” capable of photosynthesis but withdraws nutrients and water from its host

Answer 19

hemiparasite

Question 20

a(n) organism(s) that prefers a symbiotic relationship

Answer 20

faculative symbiosis

Question 21

a(n) organism(s) that need a symbiotic relationship

Answer 21

obligatory symbiosis