chapter 44 - population ecology (lecture 3)

Question 1

the study of how populations interact with each other and their abiotic environment

Answer 1

ecology

Question 2

a type of research where you take the unknown and make it known

Answer 2

basic research

Question 3

a type of research where your work is used to directly help humans

Answer 3

applied research

Question 4

an island in the arctic where 19 officers were sent to watch out for any russian offensive missions

there were 29 reindeer sent over with the soldiers to provide them with food. the reindeer population exceeded 6000 and then died out in the 1980’s

Answer 4

saint matthew’s island

Question 5

a group of individuals of the same species

Answer 5

population

Question 6

vital statistics used to describe populations, such as size, density, distribution, and age structure

Answer 6

demographics

Question 7

the number of individuals in some specified area of a habitat; how clustered the population is, etc.

Answer 7

density

Question 8

the three types of population density are

Answer 8

clumping, near uniform, and random

Question 9

a distribution of the population where:
- there is safety in numbers
> safe reproduction
> non-motile babies
- brought together in search of resources

Answer 9

clumped

Question 10

a distribution of the population where:
- nesting at a happy medium (safety & space)
- need for resources (spread out evenly)
- provides a decrease in competition

Answer 10

near uniform

Question 11

a distribution of the population where:
- resources are random, or there is a uniform and steady flow of them
- individuals don’t care about each other
- chance plays a big factor

Answer 11

random

Question 12

the most common type of population density distribution is

Answer 12

clumping

Question 13

list two ways to measure approximate population size

Answer 13

• capture-recapture method (tagging()
• taking a sample, then extrapolating

Question 14

population ___________ adds individuals, while ___________ subtracts them (think movement)

Answer 14

immigration, emigration

Question 15

new births do not count as “________,” only immigration does

Answer 15

arriving

Question 16

an interval in which the number of births is balanced by the number of deaths
- assume no change as a result of migration (immigration and emigration balance out)
- population size remains stable

Answer 16

zero population growth

Question 17

per capita means

Answer 17

for each individual

Question 18

the rate of growth (positive or negative) on an individual basis; total number of events in a time interval divided by the number of individuals

Answer 18

per capita rates

Question 19

the formula for calculating the per capita rate is…

Answer 19

number of births divided by population size

Question 20

b

Answer 20

birth rate

Question 21

d

Answer 21

death rate

Question 22

r

Answer 22

net reproduction per individual per unit time

Question 23

G

Answer 23

population growth over time

Question 24

N

Answer 24

number of individuals in a population

Question 25

the combining variable of per capita birth and death rates is called…
- used to calculate the rate of growth of a population
- assuming that the rates are constant

Answer 25

r

Question 26

the exponential growth equation is…

Answer 26

G=rN

Question 27

a graph or curve that depicts how population growth expands by ever-increasing increments during successive intervals
- the larger the population, the more individuals there are to reproduce

Answer 27

exponential growth

Question 28

assume that there is a ___% mortality rate between each stage of reproduction

Answer 28

25

Question 29

populations grow exponentially as long as the per capita death rates are ______ than the per capita birth rates

Answer 29

lower

Question 30

the human population now exceeds __ billion; and it is continuing to grow exponentially

Answer 30

7.6 billion

Question 31

the average annual increase in population is

Answer 31

1.26

Question 32

the maximum rate of increase per individual under ideal conditions; varies between species; is rarely reached in nature

Answer 32

biotic potential

Question 33

human biotic potential
- at some point there is a glass ceiling

Answer 33

2-5%

Question 34

factors that constrain a population’s size and slow or stop it from growing.
ex: food, mates, and competition with other organisms for resources

Answer 34

limiting factors

Question 35

__-__ million people die every year from starvation

Answer 35

13-18

Question 36

_ ______ people are malnourished

Answer 36

1 billion

Question 37

limiting factors become more intense as population size increases
- the logistic growth equation (s)

Answer 37

density dependent

Question 37

examples of problems that occur as population size increases are…

Answer 37

disease, competition, parasites, toxic effects of waste products, sickness

Question 38

factors that are unaffected by population size

Answer 38

density independent

Question 39

K

Answer 39

carrying capacity

Question 40

the maximum number of individuals that can be sustained in a particular habitat
- logistic growth occurs when population size is limited by this

Answer 40

carrying capacity

Question 41

the logistic growth equation is…

Answer 41

G=(rmax)(N)

Question 42

a j-shaped curve correcting into an s-shape
- depicts how as the population increases, the reproduction decreases
- population growth slows due to carrying capacity

Answer 42

logistic growth

Question 43

rmax

Answer 43

maxiumum population growth rate/

Question 44

a phenomenon that occurs when the population grows so exponentially it surpasses K, and the population crashes as it hits the glass ceiling

Answer 44

overshooting capacity