chapter 46 - matter moving through ecosystems (lecture 7) Flashcards

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1
Q

the flow/cycle of a nutrient among environmental reservoirs and into & out of food webs

A

biogeochemical cycle

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2
Q

the nutrient cycle flows to and from living organisms…

A

to and from the atmosphere, rocks/sediments, and seawater/freshwater

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3
Q

describe the area within the chesapeake bay watershed and what it impacts

A

the watershed stretching from upstate new york, down through half of pennsylvania, northern virginia, all of maryland, and delaware

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4
Q

what things are harmful and often spread through watersheds?

A

oil, pesticides, fertilizer, manure, salt, trash, sewage

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5
Q

the problem that most of earth’s water is too salty for human consumption; people are using up too much freshwater from the ground and polluting the freshwater on the surface

A

the global water crisis
(rate at which we pull water from the ground is much higher than the rate it is replenished)

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6
Q

1000 mL of seawater takes _____ mL of urine to desalinate

A

1300

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7
Q

__ out of 50 states do not have their own supply of fresh groundwater to pump

A

20 (40%)

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8
Q

we can measure how deep oceans are and gauge the mountain ranges because…

A

satellites can be used to measure the force of gravity (more forceful pull when it orbits over higher land or subsurface mountains versus the bottom of the ocean)

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9
Q

force of gravity on a system equation:

A

g = m1m2/r^2

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10
Q

the carbon cycle

A
  • atmospheric co2
  • diffusion between atmosphere & ocean
  • dissolved in ocean, taken in by marine creatures
  • returns to earth’s crust in fossil form, also deposited by land food webs
  • siphoned up after millions of years as fossil fuels
  • returned to the atmosphere
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11
Q

the hydraulic cycle

A
  • surface & groundwater flow into oceans
  • evaporation
  • water vapor
  • precipitation
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12
Q

carbonic acid’s formula

A

h2co3

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13
Q

atmospheric carbon is mostly…

A

co2

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14
Q

carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere through

A

photosynthesis

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15
Q

carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere through

A
  • volcanic eruption
  • burning fossil fuels
  • aerobic respiration
  • deforestation
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16
Q

carbon dioxide trends

A

carbon dioxide fluctuates seasonally, but it is steadily increasing

17
Q

chloroflurocarbons

A

molecules that break down o3 (ozone), which is the best deflector of cosmic rays, gamma rays, x-rays, and uv light

18
Q

methane

A

ch4 - a molecule that is produced by bacteria in swamps, rice fields, by termites, and manure

19
Q

nitrous oxide

A

n2o - a molecule called “laughing gas” that is becoming a growing issue as a greenhouse gas (released from synthetic fertilizers)

20
Q

nitrogen cycle

A
  • n2 is taken in by prokaryotes
  • it becomes nh4+ or nh3
  • these are either taken in by plants or
  • they become no2- (nitrite) or no3- (nitrate)
  • then taken in by plants
  • which is consumed by heterotrophs
21
Q

the process by which bacteria turn n2 into usable compounds for plants

A

nitrogen fixation

22
Q

the process by which nh4+ becomes no2-

A

nitrification

23
Q

the atmosphere is ___% n2 and ___% o2

A

78, 21