introduction to biology - (lecture 1) Flashcards
the study of life
biology
what are the levels of organization of life? (smallest to largest)
atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
what is the hierarchy of classification? (broadest to narrowest)
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
characteristics of a system that do not appear in any of the system’s components, only in the whole
emergent properties
the four macromolecules of life
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
the field of biology would be impossible without the field of
chemistry
name the four types of tissues
connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue
a type of tissue that connects, holds in place, and integrates the body’s organs and systems
connective tissue
a type of tissue that covers both the inner and outer layer of every organ
epithelial tissue
the capacity to do work
energy
all of the enzyme-mediated chemical reactions by which cells build and break down organic molecules
metabolism
energy is transferred in the form of heat; heat is lost and gained from one object to another
newton’s second law of thermodynamics
a measure of the disorder of a system; the universe’s default state or “desired” state is chaos
entropy
metabolic pathway that build/construct molecules, requires energy
anabolism
metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releases energy
catabolism
energy is not enough to support life, life requires ________ _______, or nutrients, to remain intact and perpetuate itself
organic matter
term that means “contains carbon;” a molecule that contains both carbon and hydrogen
organic
organisms that make their own organic food using sunlight (or molecules) for energy
these organisms do both cellular respiration and photosynthesis
producers
organisms that depend on organics created and stored in the tissues of producers; therefore either feeding on the producers and/or other _____________
consumers
organisms that break down organic remains and wastes into inorganic nutrients
decomposers
6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
photosynthetic equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
cellular respiration equation
process by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates
chemosynthesis
which types of organisms capable of doing photosynthesis?
plants, some protists, some bacteria
energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transferred
newton’s first law of thermodynamics
energy flow is…
unidirectional
matter flow is…
cyclical
the similarities between all living things
- have a metabolism
- sense and respond to the environment (stimuli)
- composed of the same stuff (four macromolecules)
the unity of life
the wide variety of creatures on earth
- millions of living species
- 100 million or more are not
- differential gene expression
- classification schemes attempt to organize biodiversity and often fail
the diversity of life
the three domains
bacteria, archaea, eukarya
the domain of prokaryotes that live in extreme habitats and have unique genetic, biochemical, and physiological characteristics
domain archaea/archaebacteria (also called extremophiles)
the domain of organisms having cells each with a distinct nucleus within which the genetic material is contained
domain eukarya
__% of all known species are gone
95
eukaryotic, single-celled organisms; some are producers and some are consumers
protists
eukaryotic, multicellular organisms; are producers and have a cell wall made of cellulose
plants
polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls, alternating hydrocarbon chain that is hard for the digestive system to break down
cellulose
eukaryotic, single or multicellular organisms; have a cell wall made of chitin
fungi
a structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods
chitin
eukaryotic, multicellular organisms; no cell wall, are consumers
animals
name the classification of the human species
eukarya, animalia, chordata, mammalia, primates, hominidae, Homo, sapiens (last two are always italicized and the genus is capitalized)
