introduction to biology - (lecture 1)

Question 1

the study of life

Answer 1

biology

Question 2

what are the levels of organization of life? (smallest to largest)

Answer 2

atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

Question 3

what is the hierarchy of classification? (broadest to narrowest)

Answer 3

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Question 4

characteristics of a system that do not appear in any of the system’s components, only in the whole

Answer 4

emergent properties

Question 5

the four macromolecules of life

Answer 5

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

Question 6

the field of biology would be impossible without the field of

Answer 6

chemistry

Question 7

name the four types of tissues

Answer 7

connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue

Question 8

a type of tissue that connects, holds in place, and integrates the body’s organs and systems

Answer 8

connective tissue

Question 9

a type of tissue that covers both the inner and outer layer of every organ

Answer 9

epithelial tissue

Question 10

the capacity to do work

Answer 10

energy

Question 11

all of the enzyme-mediated chemical reactions by which cells build and break down organic molecules

Answer 11

metabolism

Question 12

energy is transferred in the form of heat; heat is lost and gained from one object to another

Answer 12

newton’s second law of thermodynamics

Question 13

a measure of the disorder of a system; the universe’s default state or “desired” state is chaos

Answer 13

entropy

Question 14

metabolic pathway that build/construct molecules, requires energy

Answer 14

anabolism

Question 15

metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releases energy

Answer 15

catabolism

Question 16

energy is not enough to support life, life requires ________ _______, or nutrients, to remain intact and perpetuate itself

Answer 16

organic matter

Question 17

term that means “contains carbon;” a molecule that contains both carbon and hydrogen

Answer 17

organic

Question 18

organisms that make their own organic food using sunlight (or molecules) for energy

these organisms do both cellular respiration and photosynthesis

Answer 18

producers

Question 19

organisms that depend on organics created and stored in the tissues of producers; therefore either feeding on the producers and/or other _____________

Answer 19

consumers

Question 20

organisms that break down organic remains and wastes into inorganic nutrients

Answer 20

decomposers

Question 21

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Answer 21

photosynthetic equation

Question 22

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

Answer 22

cellular respiration equation

Question 23

process by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates

Answer 23

chemosynthesis

Question 24

which types of organisms capable of doing photosynthesis?

Answer 24

plants, some protists, some bacteria

Question 25

energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transferred

Answer 25

newton’s first law of thermodynamics

Question 26

energy flow is…

Answer 26

unidirectional

Question 27

matter flow is…

Answer 27

cyclical

Question 28

the similarities between all living things
- have a metabolism
- sense and respond to the environment (stimuli)
- composed of the same stuff (four macromolecules)

Answer 28

the unity of life

Question 29

the wide variety of creatures on earth
- millions of living species
- 100 million or more are not
- differential gene expression
- classification schemes attempt to organize biodiversity and often fail

Answer 29

the diversity of life

Question 30

the three domains

Answer 30

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Question 31

the domain of prokaryotes that live in extreme habitats and have unique genetic, biochemical, and physiological characteristics

Answer 31

domain archaea/archaebacteria (also called extremophiles)

Question 32

the domain of organisms having cells each with a distinct nucleus within which the genetic material is contained

Answer 32

domain eukarya

Question 33

__% of all known species are gone

Answer 33

95

Question 34

eukaryotic, single-celled organisms; some are producers and some are consumers

Answer 34

protists

Question 35

eukaryotic, multicellular organisms; are producers and have a cell wall made of cellulose

Answer 35

plants

Question 36

polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls, alternating hydrocarbon chain that is hard for the digestive system to break down

Answer 36

cellulose

Question 37

eukaryotic, single or multicellular organisms; have a cell wall made of chitin

Answer 37

fungi

Question 38

a structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods

Answer 38

chitin

Question 39

eukaryotic, multicellular organisms; no cell wall, are consumers

Answer 39

animals

Question 40

name the classification of the human species

Answer 40

eukarya, animalia, chordata, mammalia, primates, hominidae, Homo, sapiens (last two are always italicized and the genus is capitalized)