Population Change Flashcards
What factors affect population density (the number of people living in a certain area)?
- country size - number of jobs - resources - nateral occurrences - physical factors
What is the death rate?
The number of deaths a year per 1000 people
What is birth rate?
The number of births a year per 1000 people
What is nateral decrease?
A fall in the population caused by lower birth rate than death rate
What is nateral increase?
A rise in the population caused by lower death rate than birth rate
What is natural change?
a change in population not caused by migration
What are the causes of population change?
- Urbanisation - Education - Empowerment of women - change in agriculture
What are the 5 stages of the demographic transition model?
High fluctuating (tribes), Early expanding (afghanistan), Late expanding (Brazil), low fluctuating (USA/UK), natural decrease (germany)
What is the dependency ratio?
number of dependent people / number of independent people
What are the impacts of an ageing population?
positives:
- contribute to economy
- voluntary work / looking after children
negatives:
- need expensive services
- expensive healthcare
What is a push factor (+ example)
the reasons people leave an area.
- war - high crime rate - poverty
What is a pull factor (+ example)
the reasons people move to a particular place
- high standard of living - better services - job availibility
What are the benefits and drawbacks for the source country in migration?
\+ less stress on services \+ remittances (money sent back) \+ lower unemployment - loss of skilled workers/ smaller workforce - less tax
What are the benefits and drawbacks for the recipient country in migration?
+ increased workforce + skilled workers
+ cultural diversity
- social tension
- new methods/services needed
What is global population?
the number of people on the planet
What is an example of stage 1 (high fluctuating)
tribes
What is an example of stage 2 (early expanding)
afghanistan
What is an example of stage 3 (late expanding)
brazil
What is an example of stage 4 (low fluctuating)
USA/UK
What is an example of stage 5 (natural decrease)
Germany
How does urbanisation cause population change?
- impacts birth and death rates
- increased access to medical care decrease in infant mortality and deaths
How does education cause population change?
- family planning education reduces family sizes
- enables career choices for more skilled jobs improving quality of life
How does agricultural changes cause population change?
- not as much child labour because new machinery resulting in smaller families
- increased supply of food reduces famine deaths
How does empowerment of women cause population change?
- more adoption and abortions
- university and work reduce the number of children
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How can populatipon decline impact on economic development?
reduces the workforce and reduces the amount of tax payers meaning the economy has less money
solutions to ageing populations: raising retirement age (sustainable)
- means they pay tax longer + the government do not have to pay their pension
- people may not want to work longer
solutions to ageing populations: raising taxes (sustainable)
- gives more money to pay for elderly peoples pensions
- would not have good political effects
solutions to ageing populations: encouraging immigration of young workers (not sustainable)
- pay taxes + increase the work force
solutions to ageing populations: encouraging large families with cash incentives (not sustainable)
- the population would have more young workers
- the population may become too bif
What are the positive impacts of migration for the source country?
- more jobs for remaining people
- less services/care costs
- more oppurtunities
What are the positive impacts of migration for the receiving country?
- larger workforce
- greater culture diversity
- cheaper workforce
- more people of working age + more skills
- all jobs are filled
What are the negative impacts of migration for the source country?
- fewer tax payers
- high dependency
- lack of skills
What are the negative impacts of migration for the receiving country?
- higher care costs
- social tension
- stress on services
- not enough housing
- food/supply issues
- language barriers
What problems does migration to the EU cause?
- social tension
- decreased tourism
- providing food and shelter costs a lot of money
exponential population growth
as the population has got larger the growth is faster.
