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National 5 Geography > Population > Flashcards

Population Flashcards

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1
Q

What is population density ?

A

The average number of people who live in each square kilometre.

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2
Q

What name is given when areas have a lot of people per square kilometre ?

A

High population density

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3
Q

What name is given when areas have a few of people per square kilometre ?

A

Low population density

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4
Q

How do we calculate the population density ?

A

total population divided by total land area in km squared.

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5
Q

Name a country which has a high population density ?

A

India

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6
Q

Name a country which has a low population density ?

A

Greenland

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7
Q

Where does the majority of the world’s population live in ?

A

The developing world

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8
Q

Where are the majority of places with high population densities found ?

A

In the developed world

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9
Q

What is population distribution ?

A

The spread of people across the world,i.e. where people live.

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10
Q

How is the population of the world spread ?

A

unevenly

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11
Q

List 3 human factors which influence global population distribution ?

A

Communications, employment opportunities and technological development

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12
Q

List 4 physical factors which influence global population distribution ?

A

Climate, relief, soils and natural resources

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13
Q

What effect does climate have on influencing global population distribution ? (3)

A

People prefer to live in temperature climates where there is enough rainfall and no temperature extremes (e.g. NW Europe) .
Very high temperatures make farming difficult.
Very cold temperatures make it difficult to grow crops as growing seasons are short, therefore food has to be imported or to build homes and transport links as the ground can be frozen in winter and muddy in summer . (e.g. Northern Russia)

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14
Q

What effect does relief have on influencing global population distribution ? (5)

A

Steep slopes make using machinery difficult.
Making houses, roads and railways is difficult
High, mountainous areas are too cold to grow crops and soils are too thin.
Areas are often remote and difficult to access.
Flat,low-lying land areas have deeper soil which makes it easier to grow crops.

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15
Q

What effect do natural resources have on influencing global population distribution ? (3)

A

More natural resources, such as coal, in an area means more industry= more job opportunities (e.g. Wales)
Countries with advanced technology attract higher businesses and create job opportunities. (e.g. Japan)
Scenery is a resource and can attract tourists so people go to work or even retire there. (e.g. California)

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16
Q

What effect do soils have on influencing global population distribution ? (2)

A

Areas with fertile soils (Ganges Valley) are good for growing crops to feed the population.
Poor soils with few nutrients mean there will be a low agricultural output = lower population

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17
Q

What effect do employment opportunities have on influencing global population distribution ? (1)

A

Jobs - e.g. manufacturing and service industries encourage people to move to find work. (e.g. SE Australia)

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18
Q

What effect do communications have on influencing global population distribution ? (2)

A

Areas with good transport links, such as roads and railways, will attract people and industry = employment opportunities (e.g. London)
Remote areas which are isolated and have poor transport links do not attract people.

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19
Q

Where is there the majority of population growth ?

A

In the developing world.

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20
Q

Describe the population of the world in the 1950’s

A

Relatively low and steady until 1950’s when there was a population explosion. Since then, there has been a rapid increase in the world’s population.

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21
Q

What are the 2 main causes of world population to change ?

A

Births and deaths

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22
Q

How are births measured ?

A

using the birth rate (BR - number of live births per 1000 people of the population per year )

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23
Q

How are deaths measured \?

A

using the death rate (DR - number of deaths per 1000 people of the population per year )

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24
Q

What is the difference between the BR and the DR called ?

A

Natural Increase (NI)

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25
Q

How do we calculate the natural increase ?

A

NI= BR (PER 1000 PEOPLE) - DR (PER 1000 PEOPLE)

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26
Q

How is the rate of NI given ?

A

As a percentage calculated by dividing the NI by 1000

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27
Q

Why are BR’s lower in developed countries ? (5)

A

Contraception and family planning is more readily available.
More women work and have a career.
Cost of raising a family has increased.
People marry later= less opportunity for large families.
Increased desire for material possessions (e.g. cars and holidays instead of children)

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28
Q

Why are DR’s lower in developed countries ? (3)

A

Advances in modern medicine (vaccinations against diseases, e.g. Measles)
Improvements to water and sanitation.
People are generally well fed (enhanced food production and storage)

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29
Q

Why are BR’s higher in developing countries ? (5)

A

Children are needed to work and bring in an income for the family.
Children are required to look after elderly parents because of a lack of pensions.
Lack of availability and knowledge of contraception.
High infant mortality rates, so parents have more children In the hope that some survive.
In some developing countries, children can be seen as a status symbol.

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30
Q

Why are DR’s higher in developing countries ? (7)

A

Lack of food caused by famine.
Malnutrition cause by poor diet.
Poor sanitation and lack of clean drinking water.
Natural disasters destroying crops.
High levels of disease, e.g. Malaria
Lack of doctors, medicine and healthcare.
War (e.g. Afghanistan)

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31
Q

What is population divided into ?

A

5 year age groups

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32
Q

What do we expect to see the shape of a population pyramid for a developing country ?

A

Pyramid

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33
Q

What are the problems of a developing country population structure ? (3)

A

Less than half the population is of the working age and have to provide for the rest of the people.
Countries need to spend a lot of money in hospitals, doctors and nurses due to so many births.
Once children reach school age, it cost a lot to provide school and teachers.

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34
Q

What are the advantages of population growth ? (3)

A

Large number of people available for armed forces = more power and less vulnerable to attack.
More workers = increased production in farms, factories and offices.
More workers = wage rates are lower = attracts international companies.

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35
Q

What are the disadvantages of rapid population growth in rural areas ? (3)

A

Rural farms are small and the land has to be farmed intensely to grow enough food = soil becomes infertile.
More trees being cut down for farmland/fuel/building materials. Can’t lead to flooding as trees bind the soil.
Land becomes more infertile = fewer crops leading to poor people starving and then migrating to cities.

36
Q

What are the disadvantages of rapid population growth in urban areas ? (4)

A

Urban population is increasing due to rural to urban migration = city authorities can not build enough houses for people to live in.
People build their own shades= which lack basic amenities (e.g. No toilets/running water)
Not enough jobs for everyone= unemployment and crime.
Increased traffic congestion, overcrowded schools and hospitals.

37
Q

What are the measures to reduce BR’s? (4)

A

Laws limiting family size (e.g. The one child policy in China since 1979-2015)
More information given out on now to reduce births, (e.g. More family planning clinics)
Greater education of females, an evidence suggest that regions in which female education is higher are also areas where birth rates are lower.
Incentives given to limit family size (e.g. Free healthcare and preferential housing)

38
Q

What do we expect to see the shape of a population pyramid for a developed country ?

A

Barrel

39
Q

What are the disadvantages of slow population growth ? (11)

A

The costs are paid for by taxes but there are fewer people in working age groups paying taxes due to lower BR.
The government will struggle to find money to pay pensions to the growing number of elderly.
More money needed for care services for elderly (e.g. Sheltered housing and nursing homes)
Few children are being born = shortage of working adults in years to come.
Fewer people paying tax = negative affect on a nations economy.
Jobs could be lost in nurseries, schools, etc.
The country will start to develop an ageing population.
More money will need to be spent on pensions.
The cost of healthcare for the elderly will rise.
More demand for care services such as meals on wheels.
More demand for sheltered housing and old peoples homes.
Loneliness is a health problem.

40
Q

What are the advantages of slow population growth ? (2)

A

More people of working age. (The government gets money from taxes)
Less money needs to be sent on education as there are less children.

41
Q

What are the policies for a slowly growing population? (5)

A 
Raise the age of retirement. 
Raise taxes to pay for services.
Encourage more women to work.
Encourage migrant workers- paying taxes.
Encourage more people to take out a private pension schemes to reduce cost of state pensions.
42
Q

What are the attempts to raise BR by affecting incentives ? (5)

A 
Giving mothers longer paid maternity leave.
Longer paternity leave for fathers.
Part-time working/flex-time, etc.
Generous child benefit payments.
Free nursing places.
43
Q

What were the policies put in place in France to encourage three - children families ?(5)

A

A cash incentive of £675 monthly (nearly the minimum wage) for a mother to stay off work for one year following the birth of her third child.
The large family card, giving large reductions on train fares.
Income tax based on the more children the less tax to pay.
Three years paid parental leave, which can be used by mothers or fathers.
Government subsided daycare for children under the age of three, and full time school places for over threes paid for by the government.

44
Q

What did the France three child policy result in ?

A

Mothers having children and remaining at work. The fertility rate in France is one of Europes highest.

45
Q

What did the Chinese government introduce in the late 1970’s ?

A

A number of measures to reduce the country’s BR and slow down population growth.

46
Q

What were the problems with enforcing the policy in China ? (4)

A

Those who had more than one child didn’t recurve benefits and were fined.
The policy was keenly restricted in rural areas, where it was traditional to have large families.
In urban areas, the policy had been enforced strictly but remote rural areas have been harder to control.
Many people claim that some women, who became pregnant after they had already had a child, were forced to have an abortion and many women were forcibly sterilised.

47
Q

What impact did the policy have on China ? (3)

A

The BR in China has fallen since 1979 and the rest of the population growth is now 0.7%.
There has been a negative impact too - due to a traditional preference for boys, large number of female babies have ended up homeless or in orphanages, and in some cases killed.
As a result the gender balance of the Chinese population has been distorted.

48
Q

What were the long term implications of the policy in China ? (4)

A

In later years before the policy was abolished, the policy was relaxed. So couples could apply to have a second child if their first child was a girl or if both parents are themselves only-children.
While China’s population is now rising more slowly, it still has a very large total population and China faces new problems,
including the falling birth rate - leading to a rise in the relative number of elderly people.
Fewer people of working age to support the growing number of elderly dependant in the future China could have an ageing population.

49
Q

What is the demographic transition model ?

A

A multiple line graph that shows the different stages a country goes through towards development.

50
Q

What is stage 1 of the DTM model called ?

A

High fluctuating

51
Q

Describe stage 1 (high fluctuating) of the DTM ? (BR/DR/life expectancy/population growth)

A

BRs and DRs are both high. Life expectancy is low. Population growth is slow and fluctuating.

52
Q

What is stage 2 of the DTM called ?

A

Early expanding

53
Q

Describe stage 2 (early expanding) of the DTM? (BR/DR/Population growth)

A

BR remains high. DRs are falling. Population begins to rise steadily

54
Q

What is stage 3 of the DTM called ?

A

Late expanding

55
Q

Describe stage 3 (late expanding) of the DTM ? (BR/DR/Population growth)

A

BRs start to fall. DRs continues to fall. Population is rising

56
Q

What is stage 4 of the DTM called ?

A

Low stationary

57
Q

Describe stage 4 (low stationary) of the DTM? (BR/DR/population growth)

A

BR’s and DRs both low. Population steady.

58
Q

What is stage 5 of the DTM called ?

A

Declining population

59
Q

Describe stage 5 (declining population) of the DTM ? (BR’s/DRs/ population growth)

A

BRs remains low. DRs begin to rise slightly, resulting in a declining population.

60
Q

Name country’s at stage 1 of the DTM ?

A

None hat small remote countries

61
Q

Name countries at stage 2 of the DTM ?

A 
Botswana 
Ghana 
Kenya
Switzerland
Peru 
Ethiopia
62
Q

Name countries at stage 3 of the DTM ?

A

Brazil
India
Indonesia
Pakistan

63
Q

Name countries at stage 4 of the DTM ?

A

Canada
Uk
USA

64
Q

Name countries at stage 5 of the DTM ?

A

Australia

Germany

65
Q

Why are birth rates high at stage 1 of the DTM ? (4)

A

Lack of family planning
High infant mortality rate
Need for workers in agriculture.
Religious beliefs

66
Q

Why are DR high at stage 1 of DTM ? (6)

A 
High levels of disease 
Famine 
Lack of clean water/sanitation 
Lack of health care 
War
Completion for food from predators such as rats.
67
Q

Why are DRs falling at stage 2 of the DTM ? (6)

A 
Improved health care (smallpox vaccine) 
Improved hygiene (boiled drinking water)
Improved sanitation 
Improved food production and storage 
Improved transport for food 
Decreased infant mortality rates . 
(E.g. Bangladesh / Nigeria )
68
Q

Why are BRs falling at stage 3 of DTM ? (5)

A 
Family planning available 
Lower infant mortality rate increased mechanisation reduces need for workers 
Increased standard of living 
Changing status of women.
(E.g. China / Brazil)
69
Q

Why do DRs rise slightly at stage 5 of DTM ?

A

Lifestyle choices such as poor diet and smoking.

70
Q

What is development ?

A

When there is an increase in the standard of living of people in a country.

71
Q

How is development measured ?

A

How economically, socially, culturally or technological advanced a country is.

72
Q

How do we determine if a country is developed or developing ?

A

Look at social and economic development indicators

73
Q

What is the indicator for health ?

A

Number of people per doctor

74
Q

What is the indicator for life expectancy ?

A

Average age of people are expected to live to at birth

75
Q

What is the indicator for education ?

A

Percentage of adults who are literate

76
Q

What is the indicator for food ?

A

Number of calories consumed per person per day

77
Q

What is the indicator for death rate ?

A

Number of deaths per 1000 per year

78
Q

What is the indicator for birth rate ?

A

Number of babies born per 1000 women per year

79
Q

What is the indicator for infant mortality rate ?

A

Number of babies born per 1000 who die before the age of 1

80
Q

What do economic indicators measure ?

A

The wealth and level of industrialisation of a country

81
Q

What are the economic indicators ? (3)

A

Average income per person
Gross domestic product (GDP) - the value of goods and services produced by a country.
Gross national product (GNP) - how much a country earns. Includes value of goods and services involved in trade. It is measure in US$ per person

82
Q

What is the GDP per person ?

A

The total value of goods and services produced in a country in a year. This is divided by the number of people living in a country = average wealth per person.

83
Q

What is the GNP per person ?

A

How much $$ a country earns from the goods and services earned abroad.

84
Q

What does the energy used per person tell us ?

A

Countries with a lot of industry will use a lot of energy to produce wealth.
People with higher standards of living will use more electricity and petrol

85
Q

What are the problems linked with using 1 indicator to measure the development of a country ? (12)

A

If the population has jot been correctly counted, the averages used are unreliable (1)
Countries such as North Korea do not want information about true conditions in the country to be known.(1)
In Kuwait, huge oil revenues exaggerate the GNP per capita making it seem more developed.(1)
However, the money is spread unevenly and only goes to a few rich families, leaving the rest in poverty. Kuwaits BR and DR and adult literacy rate are not those expected of a rich counrty.
Men in Shettleston in glasgow have a life expectancy of 64. However, men from the more affluent Jordonhill area have a life expectancy of 80 (1)
Average life expectancy in Scotland is 80.7 years and 76.5 year men
Single indicators may not show difference between urban and rural areas (1)
Single indicators may not show differences between poor favela areas and richer inner city areas of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil (1)
How wealthy a country is does not take into account how this money is used - it could be misspent by corrupt governments who do not invest in education or healthcare (1)(Nigeria)
Purchasing power is different depending on what country you are in (1)
Some economic activity is carried out illegally and therefore is not recorded by GNP (1)
Statistics are often out of date by the time they are published (1)

GDP/GNP is based on the U.S dollar
… Exchange rates change everyday (1)

National 5 Geography (14 decks)

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