Glaciation

Question 1

When do glaciers form ❓❔❓❔

Answer 1

When multiple snowfalls in mountainous areas turn into ice that flows across the land.❄️

Question 2

What are glaciers able to do to the landscape? 🗻

Answer 2

They are powerful therefore they are able to change the shape of the landscape. 💨

Question 3

What are the 2 processes of glacial erosion?

Answer 3

Plucking and abrasion

Question 4

What are the 2 stages of abrasion?

Answer 4

Stage1: Rocks become embedded in the bottom of the ice flow.
Stage2: Bedrock surface ‘scratched’ and ‘polished’ by rocks like sandpaper on wood.

Question 5

What are the 2 stages of plucking ?

Answer 5

Stage1: Glacial ice freezes into the bedrock.
Stage2: When the glacier moves- rocks are ripped out.

(Just like plucking your eyebrows. Ouch!)

Question 6

Name another process which can change the shape of upland areas ?

Answer 6

Freeze-thaw weathering / frost shattering

Question 7

Describe the stages of freeze-thaw weathering. (3)

Answer 7

1. Water gets into cracks in rocks and freezes.
2. Water expands as it freezes and crack is made wider.
3. The ice melts and the pressure on the rock is released.

( draw a diagram for help, should be one in jotter )

Question 8

As the process of freeze-thaw weathering continues, rocks break apart in sharp, angular pieces called what ?

Answer 8

Scree

Question 9

Describe the formation of a corrie before glaciation.

Answer 9

Snow gathers in the north-facing hollows of a hill or mountain and compacts to ice. (1) The action of gravity allows the ice to move downhill. (1)

(Draw diagram for help. Should be in jotter )

Question 10

Describe the formation of a corrie during glaciation.

Answer 10

Ice freezes onto rocks on the back wall of the hollow and as it moves, it plucks rocks from the landscape. (1) This helps to create a steep back wall. (1) Rocks on the back wall are also removed by freeze-thaw weathering. (1) Rocks frozen in the base of the ice act like sandpaper and deepens the hollow by abrasion. (2) The rotational movement of the ice helps to create a deep hollow and a rock lip is formed by over-deepening. (2)

(Draw diagram if need be. Should be in jotter.)

Question 11

Describe the formation of a corrie after glaciation.

Answer 11

When the glacier melts, a pool of water is left called a tarn or a corrie loch. The glacier deposits material it has gathered as a pile of moraine, forming a lip. Scree continues to form at the steep back wall due to freeze-thaw weathering.

(Draw a diagram if need be. Should e in jotter)

Question 12

What is a glacier ? 🗻

Answer 12

A slow moving bulldozer of ice 🚜

Question 13

Describe the formation of an arête.

Answer 13

Snow collects in hollows then turns to ice. (1) Ice erodes the mountain on all sides creating corries. (1) The back walls of the corries are eroded back towards each other (1) by the processes of plucking and abrasion (1) until a narrow jagged knife-like ridge us formed. (1) An arête is formed when two corries form back-to-back. (1)

(Draw diagram if need be)

Question 14

Describe the formation of a pyramidal peak

Answer 14

When 3 or 4 corries erode back-to-back around a mountain the arêtes between the corries rise to a central peak, called a pyramidal peak. Plucking of the back walls makes the corries larger until the top of the mountain is eroded and only a sharp pointed peak remains. The exposed rock is also eroded by freeze-thaw weathering.

(Draw diagram if need be)

Question 15

Describe the formation of a U-shaped valley

Answer 15

1. Before the ice age: river has eroded a V-shaped valley.
2. During the ice age: A glacier flows down the valley, deepening & widening due to processes of erosion. (Plucking/abrasion/ftw)
3. After the ice age: A steep sided U-shaped valley with flat bottom is formed.

Question 16

Describe the formation of a hanging valley

Answer 16

A hanging valley is formed when a large glacier is joined by a small tributary glacier.(1) The large glacier moves down a V-shaped valley and through the processes of plucking and abrasion deepens the valley floor and straightens the valley sides, leaving a large U-shaped valley.(1) The interlocking Spurs become truncated Spurs. The same processes of plucking and abrasion take place in the tributary glacier, but at a much slower rate.(1) This is because the large glacier is far heavier and more powerful and therefore can erode the land more quickly.(1) The small tributary glacier does not vertically erode as much as the large glacier. When the ice melts a large U-shaped valley is left where the large glacier had been. The smaller glacier leaves a small valley leading into the main U-shaped valley and is left ‘hanging’ from truncated Spurs.(1) Often a waterfall is left coming from the hanging valley flowing down into the main U-shaped valley.(1)

Question 17

Describe the formation of a ribbon lake

Answer 17

A Ribbon lake is formed in the floor of a U-shaped valley when a large glacier moves down a valley eroding everything in its path. Through the process of plucking and abrasion the valley is made wider and deeper.The ribbon lake was formed when that glacier moved over a section
of softer bedrock that
was more easily and quickly plucked and abraded than the surrounding harder bedrock. When this happened an over deepened hollow or depression was made in the softer bedrock. After the Ice Age the hollow or depression then fills with glacial melt water and becomes a ribbon lake. As these lakes take the same shape as the valley and are long and narrow, they are called ribbon lakes. They also form when melt water was trapped behind moraine which had been deposited across the valley as the ice melted.

Question 18

What are the six land uses in glaciated uplands ?

Answer 18

Forestry. Water storage and supply. Industry. Farming. Renewable energy. Recreation and tourism.

Question 19

What conflicts are caused from tourists/recreation vs locals ? (10)

Answer 19

Congestion within the honeypots annoys locals.(1)
Cars cause air and noise pollution inside local towns.(1)
Local journey times are increased due to congestion.(1)
Litter annoys locals and can kill animals (1) and ruins the scenery.(1)
Loss of privacy and trespassing on their land.(1)
Footpath erosion ruins the scenery for locals.(1)
People park on grass verges at side of roads which scars the land.(1)
Speed boats on Loch Morlich damages the sides of the loch (1) and annoys walkers and fishermen.(1)

Question 20

What conflicts are caused from tourists/recreation vs farmers ? (8)

Answer 20

Walkers with dogs may scare sheep.(1)
Tourists leave gates open allowing animals to escape (1) and drop litter which animals may eat.(1)
People feeding animals when they shouldn’t as this annoys the farmers.(1)
Farmers may restrict access.(1)
Climbing over stones walls causes damages.(1)
Waking over farmers crops destroys them.(1)
Tourists cause footpath erosion on farmers land.(1)

Question 21

What conflicts are caused from tourists/recreation vs military ? (3)

Answer 21

Tourists may be restricted from visiting certain areas (1)
Noise from military operations may disturb visitors.(1)
Military vehicles and tourist traffic may result in serious traffic congestion.(1)

Question 22

What conflicts are caused are caused from water storage (HEP) vs farming/tourism ? (6)

Answer 22

Farmland will be lost when valley is flooded.(1)
Animals habitats are also ruined.(1)
Construction equipment and vehicles will create noise pollution (1) and road congestion.(1)
The completed dam and pipelines cause visual pollution in the upland environment.(1)
The pylons needed to transfer electricity also scar the scenery.(1)

Question 23

What conflicts are cause from farming vs industry ? (2)

Answer 23

Noise from industry could disturb farm animals.(1)

Pollution from industry could damage crops and kill farm animals.(1)

Question 24

What conflicts are caused from tourists/recreation vs industry ? (4)

Answer 24

Mines scar the landscape causing visual pollution.(1)
Tourists want to visit area causing a loss of money.(1)
Dust from the back of lorries annoys the locals.(1)
Lorries block small country roads annoying tourists and locals.(1)

Question 25

What conflicts are caused from tourists/recreation vs commercial forestry ? (3)

Answer 25

The square plantations of conifers ruins the scenery.(1)
The chopping down of trees causes noise which disrupts walkers.(1)
May restrict access for walkers.(1)

Question 26

What are farmers solutions when walkers leave gates open ?

Answer 26

Farmers display ‘keep gat closed’ signs

Question 27

What are farmers solutions when dogs chase the sheep?

Answer 27

Park rangers are employed to prevent problems by encouraging responsible tourism.

Question 28

What are farmers solutions when stone walls are damaged?

Answer 28

Voluntary bodies, such as the National Trust, protect areas by buying land and buildings, and maintaining walls and footpaths

Question 29

What are is solution when farmers restrict access to walkers at certain times, e.g lambing season?

Answer 29

Park rangers liaise with different land users to minimise problems.

Question 30

What are farmers solutions when noise disturbs the animals?

Answer 30

Visitor centre staff aim to educate the public about the ‘Countryside Code/Outdoor access code’.

Question 31

What are locals solutions to increased litter ?

Answer 31

National parks have removed litter bins in the hope that people take their litter home.

Question 32

What are locals solutions to traffic congestions at peak time (that impedes locals going about their daily business)?

Answer 32

One way systems, pedestrianised areas and improved public transport have been introduced to reduce the effect of traffic congestion.

Question 33

What are locals solutions to footpath erosion which results in visual pollution in popular walking areas?

Answer 33

National park officers can build stone paths to reduce footpath erosion and put up signs to direct walkers along alternative routes.

Question 34

What are locals solutions to more noise and air pollution from increased traffic?

Answer 34

Rail and bus services have been improved to reduce the number of cars in the National park.

Question 35

What are locals solutions to services which may close as second home owners are not permanent residents?

Answer 35

Weekly vans providing services to small villages, e.g. Mobile library.