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AP Human Geography > Population > Flashcards

Population Flashcards

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1
Q

“S” Curve

A

the shape that a “J” curve becomes when considering Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model

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2
Q

agricultural density

A

ratio of the number of farms to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

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3
Q

arithmetic density

A

the total number of people divided by the total land area

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4
Q

Boserup Hypothesis

A

the hypothesis that disagreed with Malthus and stated that increasing populations motivate improved agricultural technologies

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5
Q

carrying capacity

A

capacity of an environment to support a population

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6
Q

census

A

a complete enumeration of a population

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7
Q

chain migration

A

process in which members of a family or a particular group migrate to the same locale

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8
Q

chloropleth

A

type of map that uses various colors to show the variations in the levels of certain characteristics

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9
Q

circulation mobility

A

reoccurring mobility

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10
Q

cohort

A

population group unified by a specific common characteristic like age

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11
Q

contagious diffusion

A

rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population

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12
Q

counter-urbanization

A

interregional migration to rural areas

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13
Q

CBR (crude birth rate)

A

total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in an area

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14
Q

demographic transition

A

process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates to a condition of low crude birth and death rates

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15
Q

density

A

frequency of a characteristic in a given locale

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16
Q

dependency ratio

A

the number of people in the workforce compared to the number outside the workforce

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17
Q

diffusion

A

process of the spreading of a feature or trend from one place to another over time

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18
Q

distance decay

A

diminishing density of a characteristic in an outward direction from the core toward the periphery

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19
Q

doubling time

A

number of years it takes the population to double

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20
Q

ecumene

A

portion of the Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement

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21
Q

epidemiologic transition

A

distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

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22
Q

expansion diffusion

A

spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process

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23
Q

friction of distance

A

measure of how much distance discourage movement between places based on time, energy, or cost that must be expended

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24
Q

GDI (gender related development index)

A

comparison measure in the male and female populations; calculated using income, literacy, education, life expectancy

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25
Q

gravity model

A

mathematical prediction of the interaction of places based on population size of the places and the distance between them

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26
Q

hierarchical diffusion

A

spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority to other persons or places

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27
Q

HDI (Human Development Index)

A

indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, life expectancy

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28
Q

IMR (infant mortality rate)

A

number of deaths of infants under one year of age compared to the number of live births per 1000 in an area

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29
Q

internal migration

A

human movement within a nation-state; example is westward and southward movement in the U.S.

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30
Q

internal refugees

A

people who have been displaced within their own countries and do not cross international borders as they flee

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31
Q

international refugees

A

people who have been displaced who have crossed one or more international boundaries

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32
Q

laws of migration

A

five laws that predict the flow of migrants

  1. most migrants move only a short distance
  2. process of absorption whereby peopled immediately surrounding rapidly growing region move in, leaving gaps, which are filled
  3. process of dispersion which is the opposite of absorption
  4. each migration flow produces compensating counter flow
  5. long distance migrants go to one of the great centers of commerce and industry
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33
Q

life expectancy

A

the average number of years a person can be expected to live

34
Q

migration

A

permanent relocation diffusion

35
Q

migration transition

A

Zelinsky’s explanation of migration patterns that correspond to the stages of demographic transition

36
Q

mobility

A

movement of people from place to place

37
Q

NIR (natural increase rate)

A

percentage growth rate of a population in a year; crude birth rate minus crude death rate

38
Q

One Child Policy

A

China’s anti-natalist policy

39
Q

overpopulation

A

inability of the resources and economic system in an area to meet the needs of the population

40
Q

pandemic

A

disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population

41
Q

physiological density

A

number of people supported by a unit of arable land

42
Q

population pyramid

A

bar graph showing population distribution by age and gender

43
Q

pull factors

A

motivation to move to a place

44
Q

push factors

A

motivation to move away from a place

45
Q

relocation diffusion

A

movement of a characteristic through the movement of people

46
Q

sex ratio

A

number of males per 100 females

47
Q

sustainability

A

restraint in the use of natural resources to ensure enough resources remain for future generations

48
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

predicted that food supplies would not be able to grow fast enough to keep up with population growth

49
Q

TFR (total fertility rate)

A

average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years

50
Q

ZPG (zero population growth)

A

decline in the total fertility rate to the point where natural increase rate (NIR) equals zero

51
Q

Four Stages of Demographic Transition Model

A 
One: Pre-Industrial / Traditional Society
Two: Agricultural Society
Three: Industrial Society
Four: Tertiary or Service Based Society
Five: CDR is Higher than CBR
52
Q

DTM Stage One Characteristics

A 
High CBR and CDR
Low Life Expectancy
Hunting and Gathering
Food sources sporadic, not many children, high IMR
No countries today in Stage One
53
Q

DTM Stage Two Characteristics

A

High CBR (over 30) and Declining CDR (around 20)
Increasing Life Expectacy
Agriculture stabilities food production, diffusion of medicine and sanitation
Primarily subsistence farming
Rapid population increase, S-curve begins
Many African nations still in Stage Two (Zambia)

54
Q

DTM Stage Three Characteristics

A 
Declining CBR and Low CDR
High Life Expectancy
Industrialization and increased technology
Migration to cities
Lower fertility rate
55
Q

DTM Stage Four Characteristics

A 
Low CBR and Low CDR
High Life Expectancy
Transition to service based economy
Children become an economic liability
Population high but static
56
Q

NIC (newly industrialized country)

A

Movement from agricultural to industrial economy
Stage in between DTM Stage Two and Three
Increasing Life Expectancy

57
Q

DTM Stage 1 Cause of Death

A

famine and pandemic

58
Q

DTM Stage 2 Cause of Death

A

pandemics countered by medical technology

59
Q

DTM Stage 4 Cause of Death

A

old age and man-made diseases

60
Q

DTM Stage 1 Reason for Migration

A

move with the animals

61
Q

DTM Stage 2 Reason for Migration

A

move to arable land

62
Q

DTM Stage 3 Reason for Migration

A

move to cities

63
Q

DTM Stage 4 Reason for Migration

A

move for better economic opportunity

64
Q

Reason for gaps in population pyramid

A

war, disease, famine

65
Q

Triangular population pyramid

A

fast growing

Laos, Mozambique

66
Q

Extended triangle population pyramid

A

moderate growth

Mexico, Brazil

67
Q

Column population pyramid

A

slow growth

United States, Uruguay

68
Q

Most populous countries

A 
China (1,372M)
India (1,314M)
United States (321M)
Indonesia (256)
Brazil (205)
69
Q

High fertility rate countries

A 
Niger
South Sudan
Congo
Somalia
Chad
70
Q

Low fertility rate countries

A 
Bosnia
South Korea
Portugal
Taiwan
Greece
71
Q

epidemic

A

outbreak affects a large number of people in a region

72
Q

pandemic

A

outbreak spreads to other regions around the world

73
Q

endemic

A

disease that is particular to a region

74
Q

agent

A

organism (worm, insect, virus) that infects people

75
Q

vehicle

A

mechanical means for spreading disease (water, food)

76
Q

reservoir

A

population contains a large number of hosts

77
Q

vectored disease

A

disease carried from one host to the next by intermediate host

78
Q

infectious disease

A

result from invasion of parasites

malaria, yellow fever, sleeping sickness

79
Q

non-vectored infectious disease

A

passed by direct transmission
bodily contact, food or water, air
influenza, AIDS, cholera

80
Q

chronic disease

A

disease of longevity or age

heart disease, cancer, stroke, lung disease

81
Q

genetic disease

A

traced to genetic factors

Down’s Syndrome, galactosemia

AP Human Geography (10 decks)

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