Population Flashcards
“S” Curve
the shape that a “J” curve becomes when considering Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model
agricultural density
ratio of the number of farms to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture
arithmetic density
the total number of people divided by the total land area
Boserup Hypothesis
the hypothesis that disagreed with Malthus and stated that increasing populations motivate improved agricultural technologies
carrying capacity
capacity of an environment to support a population
census
a complete enumeration of a population
chain migration
process in which members of a family or a particular group migrate to the same locale
chloropleth
type of map that uses various colors to show the variations in the levels of certain characteristics
circulation mobility
reoccurring mobility
cohort
population group unified by a specific common characteristic like age
contagious diffusion
rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population
counter-urbanization
interregional migration to rural areas
CBR (crude birth rate)
total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in an area
demographic transition
process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates to a condition of low crude birth and death rates
density
frequency of a characteristic in a given locale
dependency ratio
the number of people in the workforce compared to the number outside the workforce
diffusion
process of the spreading of a feature or trend from one place to another over time
distance decay
diminishing density of a characteristic in an outward direction from the core toward the periphery
doubling time
number of years it takes the population to double
ecumene
portion of the Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement
epidemiologic transition
distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
expansion diffusion
spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process
friction of distance
measure of how much distance discourage movement between places based on time, energy, or cost that must be expended
GDI (gender related development index)
comparison measure in the male and female populations; calculated using income, literacy, education, life expectancy
gravity model
mathematical prediction of the interaction of places based on population size of the places and the distance between them
hierarchical diffusion
spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority to other persons or places
HDI (Human Development Index)
indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, life expectancy
IMR (infant mortality rate)
number of deaths of infants under one year of age compared to the number of live births per 1000 in an area
internal migration
human movement within a nation-state; example is westward and southward movement in the U.S.
internal refugees
people who have been displaced within their own countries and do not cross international borders as they flee
international refugees
people who have been displaced who have crossed one or more international boundaries
laws of migration
five laws that predict the flow of migrants
- most migrants move only a short distance
- process of absorption whereby peopled immediately surrounding rapidly growing region move in, leaving gaps, which are filled
- process of dispersion which is the opposite of absorption
- each migration flow produces compensating counter flow
- long distance migrants go to one of the great centers of commerce and industry
life expectancy
the average number of years a person can be expected to live
migration
permanent relocation diffusion
migration transition
Zelinsky’s explanation of migration patterns that correspond to the stages of demographic transition
mobility
movement of people from place to place
NIR (natural increase rate)
percentage growth rate of a population in a year; crude birth rate minus crude death rate
One Child Policy
China’s anti-natalist policy
overpopulation
inability of the resources and economic system in an area to meet the needs of the population
pandemic
disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population
physiological density
number of people supported by a unit of arable land
population pyramid
bar graph showing population distribution by age and gender
pull factors
motivation to move to a place
push factors
motivation to move away from a place
relocation diffusion
movement of a characteristic through the movement of people
sex ratio
number of males per 100 females
sustainability
restraint in the use of natural resources to ensure enough resources remain for future generations
Thomas Malthus
predicted that food supplies would not be able to grow fast enough to keep up with population growth
TFR (total fertility rate)
average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years
ZPG (zero population growth)
decline in the total fertility rate to the point where natural increase rate (NIR) equals zero
Four Stages of Demographic Transition Model
One: Pre-Industrial / Traditional Society Two: Agricultural Society Three: Industrial Society Four: Tertiary or Service Based Society Five: CDR is Higher than CBR
DTM Stage One Characteristics
High CBR and CDR Low Life Expectancy Hunting and Gathering Food sources sporadic, not many children, high IMR No countries today in Stage One
DTM Stage Two Characteristics
High CBR (over 30) and Declining CDR (around 20)
Increasing Life Expectacy
Agriculture stabilities food production, diffusion of medicine and sanitation
Primarily subsistence farming
Rapid population increase, S-curve begins
Many African nations still in Stage Two (Zambia)
DTM Stage Three Characteristics
Declining CBR and Low CDR High Life Expectancy Industrialization and increased technology Migration to cities Lower fertility rate
DTM Stage Four Characteristics
Low CBR and Low CDR High Life Expectancy Transition to service based economy Children become an economic liability Population high but static
NIC (newly industrialized country)
Movement from agricultural to industrial economy
Stage in between DTM Stage Two and Three
Increasing Life Expectancy
DTM Stage 1 Cause of Death
famine and pandemic
DTM Stage 2 Cause of Death
pandemics countered by medical technology
DTM Stage 4 Cause of Death
old age and man-made diseases
DTM Stage 1 Reason for Migration
move with the animals
DTM Stage 2 Reason for Migration
move to arable land
DTM Stage 3 Reason for Migration
move to cities
DTM Stage 4 Reason for Migration
move for better economic opportunity
Reason for gaps in population pyramid
war, disease, famine
Triangular population pyramid
fast growing
Laos, Mozambique
Extended triangle population pyramid
moderate growth
Mexico, Brazil
Column population pyramid
slow growth
United States, Uruguay
Most populous countries
China (1,372M) India (1,314M) United States (321M) Indonesia (256) Brazil (205)
High fertility rate countries
Niger South Sudan Congo Somalia Chad
Low fertility rate countries
Bosnia South Korea Portugal Taiwan Greece
epidemic
outbreak affects a large number of people in a region
pandemic
outbreak spreads to other regions around the world
endemic
disease that is particular to a region
agent
organism (worm, insect, virus) that infects people
vehicle
mechanical means for spreading disease (water, food)
reservoir
population contains a large number of hosts
vectored disease
disease carried from one host to the next by intermediate host
infectious disease
result from invasion of parasites
malaria, yellow fever, sleeping sickness
non-vectored infectious disease
passed by direct transmission
bodily contact, food or water, air
influenza, AIDS, cholera
chronic disease
disease of longevity or age
heart disease, cancer, stroke, lung disease
genetic disease
traced to genetic factors
Down’s Syndrome, galactosemia
