Geography of Economies : Chapter 9

Question 1

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Answer 1

goods and services added up

often divided by population

Question 2

Gross National Product (GNP)

Answer 2

goods and services based on ownership and not location

Question 3

W. W. Rostow

Answer 3

developed model of progressive stages of economic growth which requires substantial investment in capital

1. traditional society
2. transitional stage
3. take off
4. drive to maturity
5. high mass consumption

Question 4

Primary Industry

Answer 4

industry engaged in the extraction of natural resources, such as agriculture, lumbering, and mining

Question 5

Secondary Industry

Answer 5

industry engaged in processing raw materials into finished products, manufacturing

Question 6

Services

Answer 6

the range of economic activities that provide services to industry

Question 7

Human Development Index

Answer 7

composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income per capita

Question 8

Cottage Industry

Answer 8

traditional type of manufacturing in the preindustrial revolution era, practiced on a small scale in individual rural households as a part time occupation and designed to produce handmade goods for local consumption

Question 9

Uneven Development

Answer 9

tendency for industry to develop in a core-periphery pattern, enriching the industrialized countries of the core and impoverishing the less industrialized periphery

Question 10

Deindustrialization

Answer 10

the decline of primary and secondary industry, accompanied by a rise in the service sectors of the industrial economy

Question 11

Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs)

Answer 11

development stage in between LDC and MDC

characterized by secondary and tertiary industries growing larger than primary industriesgoodes

Question 12

Transnational Corporations

Answer 12

companies that have international production, marketing, and management facilities

Question 13

Post Industrial Phase

Answer 13

stage of development in which the service sector generates more wealth than manufacturing sector

Question 14

Factory Location Factors

Answer 14

raw materials location
labor (either cheap or highly skilled)
transportation
infrastructure

Question 15

Footloose Industry

Answer 15

general term for industry that can be placed anywhere regardless of factors such as resources or transportation

Question 16

International Division of Labor

Answer 16

separation of tasks among countries

Question 17

Weight-gaining Product

Answer 17

product in which the final product weighs more than the raw materials
tends to be produced closer to where it is consumed

Question 18

Weight-losing Product

Answer 18

product in which the final product weighs less than raw materials
can be produced and transported

Question 19

Specialized Economic Zones (China)

Answer 19

designated areas of countries where governments create conditions conducive to export-oriented production; general term is export processing zone

Question 20

Maquiladoras

Answer 20

factory in Mexico owned by a foreign company and develops products for import back into the country

Question 21

Ozone Depletion

Answer 21

depletion of upper-atmosphere ozone layer due to the use of several chemicals including Freon; Montreal Protocol in 1989 aimed to reduce the emission of ozone-depleting chemicals

Question 22

Ecotourism

Answer 22

responsible travel that does not harm ecosystems or the well-being of local people

Question 23

Core-periphery Model

Answer 23

concept based on the tendency of both formal and functional culture regions to consist of a
core or node, in which defining traits are purest or functions are headquarted,
and a periphery that is tributary and displays fewere of the defining traits

Question 24

Agglomeration

Answer 24

snowballing geographical process by which a secondary and service industrial activities become clustered in cities and compact industrial regions in order to share infrastructure and markets

Question 25

guild industry

Answer 25

traditional type of manufacturing in the pre-industrial revolution era involving handmade goods of high quality manufactured by highly skilled artisans who resided in towns and cities

Question 26

postindustrial phase

Answer 26

phase of society characterized by the dominance of the service sector of economic activity

Question 27

high-tech corridor

Answer 27

an area along a limited-access highway that houses offices and other services associated with high-tech industries

Question 28

outsource

Answer 28

physical separation of some economic activities from main production facility, usually for the purpose of employing cheaper labor

Question 29

geography of supply

Answer 29

costs of doing business vary from place to place based on:
availability of financing
natural resources
labor (particular skills)
transporting goods

Question 30

tertiary sector

Answer 30

activity that links primary and secondary sectors to consumers and other businesses by selling goods or performing services
example: doctor, teacher, waitress

Question 31

Ullman’s Principles of Economic Geography

Answer 31

complementarity: one area has a surplus of a commodity needed by another area
transferability: ease with which commodity can be moved from producer to consumer
intervening opportunity: potential trade between two partners develops only in absence of closer, intervening source of supply
comparative advantage: areas tend to specialize in products for which they have greatest relative advantage

Question 32

GINI coefficient

Answer 32

index that measures the degree of income inequality in a country
0 is perfect equality; 100 is perfect inequality
worst is Lesotho with 63.2 and best is Slovenia with 23.7

Question 33

Wallerstein’s Dependency Theory

Answer 33

explains low development levels as a result of LDC continuing economic dependency on MDCs (neo-colonialism)
strategy for LDCs is small-scale and rural enterprises, import substitution, nationalization of industry

Question 34

Changing Role of Energy

Answer 34

industrial revolution used water
steam
US primarily uses coals
sustainable energy includes solar, wind, geo-thermal, hydro