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AP Human Geography > Chapter 4: Language > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Language Flashcards

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1
Q

language

A

mutually agreed-on system of symbolic communication that has a spoken and usually a written expression

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2
Q

dialect

A

distinctive local or regional variant of a language that remains mutually intelligible to speakers or other dialects of that language; a subtype of language

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3
Q

pidgin

A

composite language consisting of a small vocabulary borrowed from the linguistic groups involved in commerce

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4
Q

creole

A

language derived from a pidgin language that has acquired a fuller vocabulary and become the native language of its speakers

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5
Q

lingua franca

A

an existing, well-established language of communication and commerce used widely where it is not a mother tongue

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6
Q

bilingualism

A

ability to speak two languages fluently

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7
Q

language family

A

group of related languages derived from a common ancestor

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8
Q

polyglot

A

mixture of different languages

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9
Q

Anatolian hypothesis

A

theory of language diffusion holding that the movement of Indo-European languages from the area in contemporary Turkey known as Anatolia followed the spread of plant domestication technologies

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10
Q

Kurgan hypothesis

A

theory of language diffusion holding that the spread of Indo-European languages originated with animal domestication in the central Asian steppes and grew more aggressively and swiftly than proponents of the Anatolian hypothesis claim

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11
Q

isoglosses

A

border of usage of an individual word or pronunciation

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12
Q

slang

A

words or phrases that are not part of a standard, recognized vocabulary for a given language but that are nonetheless used and understood by some of its speakers

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13
Q

ethnolect

A

dialect spoken by a particular ethnic group

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14
Q

language hotspot

A

places on Earth that are home to the must unique, misunderstood, or endangered languages

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15
Q

linguistic refuge area

A

area protected by isolation or inhospitable environmental conditions in which a language or dialect has survived

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16
Q

toponym

A

place-name, usually consisting of two parts, the generic and the specific

17
Q

generic toponym

A

descriptive part of many place-names, often repeated throughout a culture area

18
Q

Chinese primary country

A

China

19
Q

Spanish primary country

A

Spain

20
Q

English primary country

A

United Kingdom

21
Q

Arabic primary country

A

Saudi Arabia

22
Q

Hindi primary country

A

India

23
Q

Bengali primary country

A

Bangladesh

24
Q

Portuguese primary country

A

Portugal

25
Q

Russian primary country

A

Russia

26
Q

Japanese primary country

A

Japan

27
Q

German primary country

A

Germany

28
Q

Javanese primary country

A

Indonesia

29
Q

Lahnda primary country

A

Pakistan

30
Q

Telugu primary country

A

India

31
Q

Vietnamese primary country

A

Vietnam

32
Q

Maranthi primary country

A

India

33
Q

French primary country

A

France

34
Q

Korean primary country

A

Korea

35
Q

Italian primary country

A

Italy

36
Q

Urdu primary country

A

Pakistan

37
Q

major language families

A 
Afro-Asiatic, 6% of world's speakers
Austronesian, 6% of world's speakers
Indo-European, 45% of world's speakers
Niger-Congo, 6% of world's speakers
Sino-Tibetian, 21% of world's speakers
Trans-New Guinea, .06% of world's speakers
38
Q

Indo-European language families

A 
Indo-Iranian (Hindi, Urdu, Farsi)
Hellenic (Greek)
Celtic (Irish, Scottish, Welsh)
Italic (French, Spanish, Italian)
Balto-Slavic (Polish, Russian)
Germanic (Norwegian, Icelandic, English, Dutch, German)
39
Q

Endangered Language Project

A

worldwide collaboration to strengthen endangered languages

AP Human Geography (10 decks)

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