Chapter 5: Race and Ethnicity

Question 1

race

Answer 1

classification system that is sometimes understood as arising from genetically significant differences among human populations, or from visible differences in human physiognomy

Question 2

ethnic group

Answer 2

group of people who share a common ancestry and cultural tradition, often living as a minority group in a larger society

Question 3

acculturation

Answer 3

adoption by an ethnic group of enough of the ways of the host society to be able to function economically and socially

Question 4

assimilation

Answer 4

complete blending of an ethnic group into the host society, resulting in the loss of all distinctive ethnic traits

Question 5

ethnic homelands

Answer 5

sizable areas inhabited by an ethnic minority that exhibits a strong sense of attachment to the region and often exercises some measure of political and social control over it

Question 6

ethnic islands

Answer 6

small ethnic areas in the rural countryside; sometimes called folk islands

Question 7

ethnic substrate

Answer 7

regional cultural distinctiveness that remains following the assimilation of an ethnic homeland

Question 8

ethnic neighborhood

Answer 8

voluntary community where people of like origin reside by choice

Question 9

ghetto

Answer 9

an area within a city where an ethnic group lives, either by choice or by force

Question 10

ethnoburbs

Answer 10

suburban ethnic neighborhood, sometimes home to relatively affluent immigration populations

Question 11

chain migration

Answer 11

tendency of people to migrate along channels, over a period of time, from specific source areas to a specific destination

Question 12

involuntary migration

Answer 12

refers to the forced displacement of a population, whether by government policy, warfare or other violence, ethnic cleansing, disease, natural disaster, or enslavement

Question 13

ethnic cleansing

Answer 13

removal of unwanted ethnic minority populations from a nation state through mass killing, deportation or imprisonment

Question 14

return migration

Answer 14

type of ethnic diffusion that involves the voluntary movement of a group of migrants back to their ancestral or native country or homeland

Question 15

cultural simplification

Answer 15

process by which immigrant ethnic groups lose certain aspects of their traditional culture in the process of settling overseas, creating a new culture that is less complex than the old

Question 16

genocide

Answer 16

systematic killing of a racial , ethnic, religious, or linguistic group

Question 17

cultural preadaption

Answer 17

complex of adaptive traits and skills possessed in advance of migration by a group, giving it survival ability and competitive advantage in occupying the new environment

Question 18

cultural maladaption

Answer 18

poor or inadequate adaptation that occurs when a group pursues an adaptive strategy that, in the short run, fails to provide the necessities of life or, in the long run, destroys the environment that nourishes it

Question 19

environmental racism

Answer 19

targeting of areas where ethnic or racial minorities live with respect to environmental contamination or failure to enforce environmental regulations

Question 20

ethnic flag

Answer 20

readily visible marker of ethnicity on the landscape

Question 21

foodways

Answer 21

customary behaviors associated with food preparation and consumpation

Question 22

core/periphery pattern

Answer 22

concept based on the tendency of both formal and functional cultura regions to consist of a core or node, in which defining traits are purest or functions are headquarted, and a periphery that is tributary and displays fewer of the defining traits

Question 23

cultural ecology

Answer 23

the study of the relationship between the physical environment and culture; narrowly defined as the study of culture as an adaptive system that facilitates human adaptation to nature and enviornmental change

Question 24

cultural identity

Answer 24

ones belief in belonging to a group or certain cultural aspect

Question 25

culture

Answer 25

the body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people’s distinct patterns

Question 26

culture region

Answer 26

grouping of like places or the functional union of places to form a cultural unit

Question 27

innovation adoption

Answer 27

diffusion of new ideas

Question 28

maladaptive diffusion

Answer 28

diffusion of an idea or innovation that is not suitable for the environment in which it is diffused

Question 29

sequent occupance

Answer 29

landscape gradually transformed by a succession of occupying populations, each of which modifies the landscape left by the previous groups

Question 30

cultural linkage

Answer 30

migrants who have moved away but renew or maintain their connections with their homeland; facilitated by modern technology like newspapers

Question 31

cultural revival

Answer 31

process that works against globalization, revitalizing cultural ties and promoting distinction

Question 32

cultural landscape

Answer 32

visible imprint of human activity on the landscape, the “man-made” part of the environment

Question 33

types of cultural diffusion

Answer 33

expansion
hierarchical
contagious
stimulus
relocation